Activity of Beavers as an Ecological Factor Affecting the Zooplankton of Small Rivers

The role of beavers in the transformation of small rivers is elucidated by analyzing the taxonomic and trophic structure of zooplankton in ponds differing in age, water flow rate, and the degree of overgrowing with higher aquatic plants. The building activity of beavers in the river system promotes the formation of biotopes of the ecotone type, in which the planktonic invertebrate community develops some features similar to or different from those of zooplanktonic communities from lakes and rivers undergoing anthropogenic eutrophication. The main distinctive feature of response to this activity in zooplankton is that its development reaches a plateau at the early and middle stages of succession, compared to that under conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication. For small rivers, the concept of zoogenic eutrophication (in addition to anthropogenic) is proposed.     

长江荆江段浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解长江荆江段浮游生物的群落结构特征以及其与环境因子之间的关系，于2017年3、6、9和12月对荆江7个采样断面的左右岸共14个采样点的浮游生物群落结构及水文、水质参数进行了调查。结果表明：荆江采集到浮游植物7门67属135种(含变种)，以硅藻门（51.85%）和绿藻门（25.19%）为主。浮游植物的丰度均值为73.16×10 4 cells./L，生物量均值为0.87 mg/L，上荆江各采样断面间浮游植物丰度和生物量变化不明显，下荆江浮游植物的丰度和生物量表现从上游到下游逐渐增高的趋势。优势种为硅藻门的颗粒沟链藻和梅尼小环藻。Margalef 丰富度指数是0.83，Pielou均匀度指数是0.80和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.90，下荆江的丰富度指数和多样性指数大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。典范对应分析溶氧、温度、氨氮是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。浮游动物48属81种，其中轮虫最多（37.04%），其次是原生动物（25.93%）和枝角类（23.46%）。浮游动物丰度均值为6.32 ind./L，生物量均值为88×10-3 mg/L，上荆江浮游动物丰度和生物量低于下荆江。浮游动物优势种为冠砂壳虫、桡足类无节幼体和剑水蚤一种。Margalef 丰富度指数是5.2，Pielou均匀度指数是0.84和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.32，下荆江的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。冗余分析显示温度、溶氧和氨氮是影响浮游动物群落结构的主要因素。     

Changes in the structure of ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast over the past few decades

The structure of the ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast has undergone significant rearrangements over the past 20 years. The abundance of some species has increased, while that of other species has decreased; spontaneous dispersal of some fishes is underway. Synchronous fluctuations of fish abundance (“waves of life”) take place simultaneously in the Western Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga basins. These processes differ in intensity depending on fish species and are conditioned by a number of factors, including changes in hydrological regimes of rivers, improvement of the ecological state of small rivers, and increased poaching pressure. The results of monitoring the ichthyofauna fauna of small rivers are used as an example to trace the routes of fish dispersal and discuss changes in the composition of fish communities.     

长江口沿岸碎波带刀鲚仔稚鱼摄食习性与浮游动物分布的相关性研究

为探明长江口沿岸碎波带浮游动物的分布与刀鲚仔稚鱼摄食的关系,2006年7~12月每月大潮期间在长江口沿岸碎波带设置13个站位点,用浮游Ⅰ型生物网(口径30 cm,网目0.2 mm)在表层拖曳采集浮游动物78次,采集到浮游动物72种,平均密度 3 278.95 个/网;用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)拖曳234次,采集到刀鲚仔稚鱼 37 170 尾,平均密度158.85尾/网。通过胃含物分析共鉴定刀鲚仔稚鱼饵料生物15种(类)(浮游动物11种,浮游幼体4类),平均摄食密度1.306个/尾。研究结果表明:前弯曲期仔鱼偏好摄食哲水蚤、剑水蚤和枝角类;弯曲期仔鱼偏好摄食猛水蚤和桡足类桡足幼体;后弯曲期仔鱼除偏好摄食桡足类幼体以外,也偏好摄食游泳能力较强的糠虾;稚鱼对糠虾有极强的偏好。水温和盐度对刀鲚仔稚鱼的摄食量影响较小;浮游动物分布并不直接影响刀鲚仔稚鱼分布,相关性较小。     

Radioecological Studies on the Plankton of the Cooling Water Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

In the zone of heated water discharge and at the control site of the Beloyarsk Reservoir, the phytoplankton was characterized by dominance of blue-green, green, and pyrrophyte algae, and the zooplankton, by the prevalence of crustaceans over rotifers. The study sites differed in the species and quantitative composition of the dominant complex, but the total abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton in the heated zone and the control site did not differ significantly. In Teplyi Bay, the zooplankton was inhibited, which was manifested in the decrease of its abundance and biomass by four and seven times, respectively, in comparison with the control. Radionuclide concentrations in the plankton of the cooling reservoir in the period between 1986 and 1988 were determined. It was found that radionuclide concentration in the plankton is higher in the zone of heated water discharge than beyond it.     

Effect of water-loving bird colonies on zooplankton in littoral zones of water bodies of different types

Changes in zooplankton developing under the effect of waste products from water-loving bird colonies were studied in water bodies of different types. The trophic status index in the nesting area showed no difference from its background values in an oligomesotrophic water body but was decreased in mesoeutrophic and eutrophic-hypertrophic water bodies. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton in the oligomesotrophic and mesoeutrophic water bodies were consistently higher than background values, while in the eutrophichypertrophic water body they were higher only at the beginning and in the middle of the nesting period. Irrespective of the trophic state of water body, the species diversity of zooplankton in the zone of impact from bird colonies was increased, but the number of dominant species remained unchanged, and no mass development of species indicating high organic load was observed; the proportion of Rotifera in the total abundance and biomass of zooplankton was decreased, that of Copepoda was increased, and the abundance of Cladocera was found to increase with the degree of overgrowing. Among possible explanations, this specific response of zooplankton is most likely due to changes in the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water.     

Trophic structure of invertebrate communities in ecosystems of salmon rivers in the southern Far East

The formation of trophic structure has been studied in communities of amphibiotic insects (mayflies, stoneflies, caddis flies, and dipterans) and gammarids accounting for 90% of the total benthos biomass. The results show that the trophic groups prevailing by biomass in the metarithral subzone of small rivers are as follows: filtering collectors in rivers of the moderately cold-water type, collectors and scrapers in rivers of the cold-water type, and scraping predators and scrapers in rivers of the moderately warm-water type. Predators, scraping predators, and scrapers show seasonal changes in abundance and biomass. In the rithron of Far Eastern rivers, the abundance of predators regularly decreases in a south-north direction. The change of dominant groups along the longitudinal profile of the river is related to its zones and subzones. In the trophic structure of rivers exposed to anthropogenic impact, the number of trophic groups decreases and the remaining groups undergo changes in their qualitative composition and the ratio of their individual members.     

(137)Cs concentration in zooplankton and its relation to taxonomic composition in the western North Pacific Ocean

To study the role of zooplankton in the transport of (137)Cs in the ocean, zooplankton samples were collected in October 2005 and June 2006 in the western North Pacific Ocean. The peak zooplankton biomass was observed in the surface layer, and gelatinous plankton was more abundant in October 2005 than in June 2006 reflecting exchange of water masses. The concentrations of (137)Cs in zooplankton varied from 11 to 24 mBq kg wet(-1) and were higher in October 2005 than in June 2006. The elevated abundance of gelatinous zooplankton probably led to higher concentration of (137)Cs in zooplankton in October 2005. Annual export fluxes of (137)Cs by ontogenetic vertical migrant copepods were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.6 mBq m(-2) year(-1) at 200 and 1000 m depths, respectively; this suggested that transport of (137)Cs by zooplankton may be no trivial pathway.     

长江干流浮游细菌群落结构及影响因素

为研究长江干流浮游细菌群落结构的空间分布规律及其环境影响因素，针对细菌16S rRNA基因，采用定量PCR和高通量测序技术，对2015年和2016年采集的长江干流自四川泸州到上海吴淞口共计40个样点进行分析。结果表明：水体中浮游细菌16S rRNA基因丰度为2.64×106~1.44×109 copies/L。上游（泸州至秭归）、中游（宜昌至湖口）和下游水体（湖口至上海入海口）的α多样性在3组间都没有呈现出显著差异性。长江干流浮游细菌在门水平上主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria，7.49%~86.53%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria，0.27%~54.72%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes，0.03%~90.95%）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes，0.50%~45.36%）和异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus，0.00%~23.96%）构成。在属或科水平上主要由丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae，0.03%~65.67%）、CL500-29_marine_group（0.00%~24.23%）、hgcI_clade（0.00%~28.82%）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus，0.00%~90.88%）和氢噬胞菌属（Hydrogenophaga，0.03%~38.55%）组成。从上中下游水体的浮游细菌群落组成来看，上游水体相对丰度最高的类群为Bacillus（0.00%~90.88%），中游和下游为Comamonadaceae（分别为0.60%~65.67%和2.87%~50.64%）。造成上中下游水体中浮游细菌群落组成差异的环境因子各不相同：影响上游的主要为pH和悬浮颗粒物（SS），影响中游的主要为溶解氧（DO），影响下游的主要为DO、水温（WT）和总磷（TP）。     

长江干流典型区域河流生境健康评价

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，是维持河流健康的重要因素。河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。针对长江干流生境特点，从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标，构建了长江干流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系，在2017年8~9月对长江干流的金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游3个典型区域的127个调查断面进行河流生境综合评估。结果表明：金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游河流生境综合指数（RHI）分值的分别为133.9、124.6、130.8，总体评价等级均为“良”。水流情势、受人类活动干扰是金沙江下游生境变化的主要驱动因子，河岸渠化硬化、河岸植被覆盖、河岸植被带宽则是三峡库区和长江中下游生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议长江上游区域强化水生生物重要栖息地完整性保护，中下游区域加强岸边带、洲滩的生态修复，恢复江湖连通性，构建长江流域生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络。     

Composition and Some Ecological Features of Winter Zooplankton in Deep Stratified Lakes

For the first time, zooplankton and environmental factors have been studied in winter in the deep stratified lakes Siverskoe, Borodaevskoe, and Vydogoshch. The zooplankton consists of 18–22 species of rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, including 15–18 specifically winter, cryophilic and eurythermic forms. The populations of zooplankters reproduce actively: males and egg-bearing females (in copepods), females with embryos and eggs in brood pouches (in cladocerans), and females with attached eggs (in rotifers) are present. In lakes Siverskoe and Borodaevskoe (depth 20–24 m), where oxygen deficiency is observed only in the bottom water layer, the zooplankton populates the greater part of the water column and forms a large aggregation in the oxycline and near the bottom. The abundance of bacteria in these zones is high (up to 4–6 × 10⁶ cells/ml). In Lake Vydogoshch (depth 16 m), oxygen deficiency extends to the middle layers, and all zooplankton is distributed above the oxycline. The biomass of winter zooplankton in Lake Siverskoe in 1983 averaged 1.26 g/m³, with a maximum of 4 g/m³; in 1993, 1.4 and 8.04 g/m²; the respective values in Lake Borodaevskoe were 0.98 and 3.1 in 1983 and 0.14 and 1.6 in 1993; in Lake Vydogoshch, 0.15 and 0.24 in 1983 and 1.25 g/m³ in 1993. The development of winter zooplankton is limited by the size of the zone of oxygen deficiency and depends on the amount of food (bacterioplankton). The distribution of zooplankton in the water column and its biomass in individual layers is determined by the rate of methane formation and oxidation.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 201–214.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rivier.     

富营养湖泊中轮虫群落结构季节变化的环境驱动力研究(英)

通过对桥墩湖一周年的逐月采样,比较了影响轮虫群落结构季节变化的3种环境驱动力的相对重要性。桥墩湖是一个富营养湖泊,具有较高的营养盐和Chl a含量以及低的透明度。研究发现：水温和营养水平是影响轮虫数量和群落结构季节变化最重要的理化因子。由于大型枝角类数量的稀少,其对轮虫数量并没有显著的负面影响。短尾秀体溞是影响轮虫群落结构季节变化的最重要的枝角类;然而大多数优势轮虫与短尾秀体溞密度峰值的共同出现可能反映了它们对高营养水平和高水温的共同喜好。在浮游植物中,绿藻是决定轮虫密度的最重要的浮游植物门类;而其中的隐藻则是影响轮虫群落结构变化的最重要属。3组环境因子(理化因子、浮游植物、浮游甲壳动物)对轮虫群落结构的季节变化具有相似的解释大小。这些结果表明：在该富营养湖泊中,轮虫群落结构的季节变化可能主要受理化因子和食物资源的影响;浮游甲壳动物对轮虫群落结构的塑造作用有限     

On the Classification of Aquatic Communities: An Example of Zooplanktonic Cenoses of Karst Lakes in the North of European Russia

Nine lakes in the Arkhangelsk oblast were analyzed with respect to their morphometry, hydrology, and hydrochemistry, and their zooplankton was studied for three years. The data on zooplankton abundance, biomass, the ratio of filter-feeders and predators, the Shannon index of species diversity, and average individual weight of zooplankters were obtained. Differences in the structure of zooplanktonic cenoses were revealed in lakes differing in morphometric parameters, prevailing ions (HCO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–), and their concentration.     

Species composition and quantitative representation of fishes in biotopes with the riffle minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alburnoides bipunctatus</Emphasis>

Species composition of fishes was studied in rivers (capture sites) inhabited by the riffle minnow. In some localities, this species proved to occupy a leading position in the ichthyofauna, being obviously dominant. In small rivers, 16 species were caught together with it, including seven species regularly occurring in catches. The relative abundance of riffle minnow showed a moderate positive correlation with that of the gudgeon (0.568) and a nonsignificant negative correlation (?0.399) with that of the bleak. It is probable that the population dynamics of riffle minnow are determined mainly by natural intraspecific mechanisms rather than by water quality, which has changed only slightly in the rivers studied.     

Changes in plankton abundance, biomass, and chemical composition under the influence of the cooling system of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

The abundance and biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton proved to noticeably decrease after the water passed through the cooling system of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant: the phytoplankton perished by 38% (65 metric tons per day), and the zooplankton, by 55% (6 t/day). In the period between 1985 and 1991, the concentration of⁶⁰Co in the plankton of water intake and discharge canals varied from 120 to 1400 Bq/kg dry weight, and that of¹³⁷Cs, from 150 to 1040 Bq/kg dry weight, which is commensurable with the content of radionuclides in the plants and grounds of the Beloyarsk reservoir. In 1985, it was noted that the plankton passing through the cooling system of the nuclear power plant became enriched with Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Co, Cs, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, and W.     

长江中下游滨岸带水体温室气体释放的时空分布特征

内陆河流生态系统作为大气中温室气体通量交换的热点区域,对全球的碳循环有重要影响。分别于平水期(2017年5月)和丰水期(2018年7月)对长江中下游滨岸带水体两种温室气体(CH_4和CO_2)释放通量进行了调查研究。结果表明:平水期时,CH_4和CO_2的释放通量分别为0.39～9 668.83 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.25～3 229.41μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为298.24±1 308.65 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和290.75±645.99μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1);丰水期时,二者的释放通量为-22.80～329.76 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-110.21～16.39μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为21.51±49.56 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-3.63±13.25μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。水体温度、pH、溶解性总磷浓度、溶解性有机碳和溶解性有机氮比值是影响CH_4和CO_2通量的重要因素。CH_4和CO_2释放通量还受到通江湖泊的缓冲和入江河流输入的影响,表现为河口水系高,湖口水系低的特点。由于外源污染和滨岸带土地利用的差异,城市岸带的CH_4和CO_2排放量最高,其次为自然岸带,湿地岸带和河口较低,通量最低的为化工园岸带。估算表明,长江全年碳排放以CO_2为主,年释放量约为1.93×10~7 t(C),CH_4年释放量约为2.28×10~(4 )t(C),低于世界上一些其他大型河流。     

2000~2010年汉江流域湿地动态变化及其空间趋向性

基于面向对象分类方法建立汉江流域2000年、2005年和2010年湿地景观数据库。运用湿地景观动态变化指数、强度指数及多度指数等方法分析近10a来汉江流域湿地景观变化的时空分异特征及空间趋向性。结果表明：2000年以来，汉江流域湖泊、河流、水田湿地面积大幅度减少，其中前5a（2000~2005年）湿地变化强度明显高于后5a（2005~2010年）。空间趋向性以湿地景观内部转变和湿地向其他用地转移为主要特征，内部转变以水田与水库坑塘间的转变为主，在空间上呈现3种趋向特征：湖泊周围[0-12]km两者之间转化强度随距离拉大而增大；河流周围两者转变趋势明显，在[4-6] km变化尤为突出；交通用地附近[0-4] km水田与水库坑塘间转变强度高。水田、湖泊和水库坑塘湿地向建设用地的转变是引起区域湿地面积萎缩的重要原因，10a间湿地向建设用地转变总量约为470.43 km²，占湿地变化总量的22.55%。     

Estimates of (239+240)Pu inventories in Gdańsk Bay and Gdańsk basin

This paper presents and discusses the results of (239+240)Pu determinations in different components of Gdańsk bay and Gdańsk basin ecosystem, as well as estimated sources and inventories of plutonium in these basins. The total plutonium (239+240)Pu activities deposited in Gdańsk bay and Gdańsk basin sediments are 1.18 TBq and 3.77 TBq, respectively. Two rivers, the Vistula and Neman rivers, and atmospheric fallout were distinguished as the main sources of plutonium in these basins. In seawater (with suspended matter included) there is about 2.33 GBq (239+240)Pu (0.2% of total activity) in Gdańsk bay and 9.92 GBq (239+240)Pu (0.3% of total activity) in Gdańsk basin. In both cases, 56% of (239+240)Pu is associated with suspended matter. Organisms contain 3.81 MBq in Gdańsk bay and 7.45 MBq (239+240)Pu in Gdańsk basin. From this value in Gdańsk bay 82.1% of plutonium is associated with zoobenthos, 13.6% with phytobenthos, 1.6% with phytoplankton, 1.5% with zooplankton and 1.2% with fish. In Gdańsk basin, 83.2% is associated with zoobenthos, 7.5% with phytobenthos, 3.6% with phytoplankton, 3.2% with zooplankton and 2.5% with fish.     

苏北里下河典型区河网水系演变特征研究

在自然地理气候变化和人类活动胁迫的双重作用下，平原河网地区水系格局发生了很大的变化。以江淮下游里下河典型区--盐都区为例，基于1970s、1980s和2010s年的3期水系数据，利用GIS和遥感解译等技术，选取河网水系数量、结构和连通指标，对河网水系时空演变特征及其影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）研究区河网密度和河网水面率均呈不断减少趋势，两者分别下降21.3%和10.2%。研究区河流曲度较小，河网连通性较好，河网曲度和连通度总体上变化较弱。（2）研究区河网水系变化存在时空差异性。河网水系在缓慢城市化时期（1970s～1980s）的衰减率高于快速城市化时期（1980s～2010s），特别在城镇化发展缓慢区域表现显著。城镇化发展快速区域，其河网水系持续减少且变化剧烈。（3）研究区河道变化存在着等级差异性。城镇化等人类活动对河网水系的影响，呈现出先低等级（Ⅳ级）河道、后高等级（Ⅰ~Ⅲ级）河道的特征规律。其中，低等级河道数量持续减少且变化强度剧烈，高等级河道数量变化不大且其面积和长度均有所增加。 关键词： 平原河网；水系变化；演变特征；里下河地区     

东江水库对耒水中下游原生动物的影响

为评价东江水库建成对耒水中下游水生生物的影响，１９９３年作者对东江水库坝下耒水中下游原生动物进行了两次调查。结果四个断面共发现原生动物８４种，其中丰水季（８月）５９种，多于枯水季（１０月底）的４６种，但丰水季数量（４３５个／Ｌ）和生物量（０．０３６ｍｇ／Ｌ）都低于枯水季（３．２４４个／Ｌ，０．３３５ｍｇ／Ｌ）；多样性指数与种种类数一样，多是丰水季大于枯水季。建库后，从中游到下游原生动物种类数，数量