"双碳"目标中碳交易激励机制探析

实现碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景,是中国参与全球生态环境治理的国家行动,并纳入生态文明建设整体布局.党中央、国务院高度重视生态环境保护工作,将碳交易列入国家重要环境经济政策,明确推行碳交易制度,部署建立全国碳交易市场.在七省市试点基础上,全国碳交易市场建成、启动并有序运转.碳交易,作为制度创新和政策工具,在推动企业节能减排工...     

试点省市电力企业参与碳交易情况比较研究及建议

全国碳市场即将启动,作为排放大户的电力企业,参与全国碳排放交易体系已成定局。本文通过分析试点地区电力企业纳入情况、配额计算及分配情况,比较分析试点地区电力企业参与碳交易的异同,并结合现状给出未来碳市场建设的相关建议,助力全国碳市场的发展。     

我国碳交易试点政策的减排效应及地区差异

基于连续性双重差分等方法,评估2004～2017年我国碳交易试点政策的减排效应及地区差异,并分析其作用机制.结果显示,碳交易政策能使试点地区的碳排放强度下降9.5％,碳市场规模?活跃度每增加1％,将分别带来试点地区碳排放强度下降0.9％和0.7％.异质性影响上,碳交易政策对东中部地区的减排效应明显,对西部地区无明显作用...     

发电行业碳减排及参与碳交易市场的现状分析与展望

为积极应对气候变化、实现控制碳排放的承诺,我国大力推进碳减排,已启动碳交易市场试点工作。发电行业的化石燃料燃烧是我国二氧化碳的主要排放源之一,因此肩负重要的碳减排任务,是现有碳市场交易试点的主体,也是未来全国碳市场交易中重要的参与部分。本文通过分析典型发电企业碳排放现状,探讨了我国发电行业在启动全国碳交易市场后,参与碳市场交易的积极性和盈利预期现状等问题,并为进一步健全和完善全国碳交易市场规则提出了建议。     

欧盟碳排放交易市场发展对我国的启示

建立和发展碳交易市场已成为全球气候治理最为重要的举措。本文总结了欧盟碳交易市场四个阶段的发展历程及其交易机制,并简述我国碳排放交易试点的现状,提出改善配额机制、注重碳金融创新、健全监管制度、加强国际间合作等建议,为我国建立全国碳交易市场提供参考。     

总量控制与交易机制中的碳补偿制度研究

总量控制与交易机制中的碳补偿制度是一种有助于受控企业灵活履行减排义务的制度,能有效降低企业减排成本、提高经济效率、增强减排动力。发达国家非常重视这一制度的发展,并在研究、立法、实际应用方面取得了一定的成效。本文从碳补偿制度在发达国家的发展现状入手,对该制度的基本架构和交易情况进行了分析与研究;同时结合国际经验,对碳补偿制度在中国的发展提出了几点建议,为正在进行的区域碳交易试点以及未来建设全国范围的碳交易市场做准备。     

中国碳市场的发展现状、问题及对策

本研究结合近期我国发电行业碳市场的情况,梳理中国碳排放权交易政策的演进过程,总结七个碳交易试点地区的实践情况,剖析发电行业碳市场的主要特点、实施基础和影响。从法律法规、配额分配方法、配套制度等方面讨论当前和未来中国碳市场建设的关键问题,并为中国碳市场发展提供相关的政策建议。     

电网六氟化硫温室气体减排参与碳市场策略

六氟化硫(SF6)气体因其具有优异的绝缘和灭弧性能,被广泛的应用于电气设备中.SF6同样也是《京都协议书》中限制排放的六种温室气体之一,其温室效应等效于二氧化碳的23900倍。世界各国的电网企业都已开展了六氟化硫电气设备全生命周期的排放管控,我国政府近年来也日益重视SF6气体的排放控制问题,并有意将电网企业纳入未来全国碳排放权交易市场中。本文从现阶段碳交易试点市场的项目接受情况、企业六氟化硫核证自愿减排量项目开发限制及未来全国碳市场建设方案出发,研究分析了电网六氟化硫温室气体减排在碳市场试点阶段及全国市场阶段的参与策略。     

电网企业应对碳排放权交易市场的思考与建议

碳排放权交易(以下简称"碳交易")是为促进温室气体减排,减少二氧化碳排放所采用的市场机制。2016年1月,国家发改委印发通知提出2017年启动全国碳交易市场,并将电网企业纳入其中,交易范围为线损引起的二氧化碳排放。电网企业碳排放属间接排放,且与可再生能源消纳、跨省交易电量等不可控因素密切相关。本文通过分析国内外碳交易发展现状,研究电网企业碳排放核算方法、碳排放现状与趋势,并结合深圳供电局碳交易实践,提出了电网企业碳交易的有关工作建议,为电网企业碳减排提供参考。     

国内资讯

中国碳交易七省市试点方案年底面市按照国家发改委计划,2013年将在北京市、天津市、上海市、重庆市、广东省、湖北省、深圳市七省市启动碳交易试点。碳交易是结合各地能源消费总量目标、碳强度减排目标、GDP增速这三方面的参数设定。在6种被要求排减的温室气体中,二氧化碳(CO2)为最大宗,所以这种交易以每吨二氧化碳当量为计算单位。碳交易市场建立的核心问题包括:设定碳排放总量,分配     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.