北京市能源消费碳足迹影响因素分析

为了量化人口、城市化和技术等因素对城市碳排放的影响,以北京市为研究对象,引入修正的碳足迹方法计算1990~2011年城市能源消费碳足迹,采用STIRPAT模型和偏小二乘模型对城市能源消费碳足迹的影响因素进行评估.结果显示,城市化、人均收入、人口是碳排放最主要的正向驱动因素,而能源消费强度、产业结构和研发投入比重等因素导致碳排放降低.北京市二氧化碳排放不存在环境库兹涅茨曲线,城市碳排放总量虽然整体状况还在增加,但增长速度在逐步放缓,经济发展与环境保护尚未实现协同.根据模拟结果,降低碳排放和建设低碳城市的建议是发展集中型和紧凑型的城镇功能组团,控制人口过快增长,合理引导居民绿色消费,依靠科技创新和技术进步.     

浙江省碳排放与经济增长的脱钩关系及驱动因素研究

运用IPCC参考方法、Tapio脱钩模型、协整分析和Granger因果检验,研究了浙江碳排放特征及其驱动因素.结果表明:碳排放量呈增长趋势,碳排放强度呈下降趋势,多数年份碳排放与经济增长之间呈"弱脱钩"状态;经济增长、外贸和人口增长对碳排放正向驱动,能源效率和城市化对碳排放负向驱动;经济增长、外贸、城市化和人口增长是引起碳排放增长的单向Granger原因,能源效率与碳排放互为Granger原因.     

城镇化对中国区域能源消费及居民生活能源消费的影响

通过引入城镇化和居民消费变量,拓展了能源消费分解的对数平均迪氏指数分解方法(LMDI),并将区域能源消费和居民生活能源消费分解为能源结构、能源强度、人口规模、城镇化、居民消费和消费抑制6大效应,分析其对区域整体能源消费和居民能源消费的影响.结果表明:2003~2012年,城镇化对3大区域的能源消费和居民生活能源消费的贡献明显高于人口规模;人口的东部聚集现象使得东部地区人口规模效应最大;居民消费对区域能源消费和居民生活能源消费的驱动力远高于其它5大效应;源于居民消费相对于政府消费、资产投资和净出口等经济成分在节能方面的比较优势,居民消费率降低反而推动了区域能源消费的增长;能源利用技术进步放缓了区域能源消费的增长.     

基于能源消费的浙江省碳排放影响因素实证研究

本文运用协整和Granger因果检验方法,实证了在1995-2013年间浙江省碳排放与经济增长、能源效率、对外贸易、城市化和人口增长的现实关系。研究表明:浙江省碳排放与经济增长之间呈现"弱脱钩"关系,对外贸易、经济增长和人口增长对碳排放有正向驱动效应,而能源效率和城市化水平对碳排放有负向驱动效应。Granger因果关系上,对外贸易、经济增长、城市化水平和人口增长是引起浙江省碳排放变化的Granger原因,且仅存在单向影响机制,能源效率与碳排放互为Granger因果关系。     

城市能源消费CO2排放及其影响因素研究

随着城市化进程加快,城市能源消费和CO_2排放都呈增长趋势。文章梳理了近年来国内外城市及其工业、建筑业、交通运输业和城市居民生活能源消费CO_2排放的研究进展;通过对比分析城市能源消费CO_2排放影响因素及其城市间的差异,得到经济发展和人口增长是城市能源消费CO_2排放的主要促进因素,能源强度下降对CO_2排放的降低起主导作用。产业结构和能源消费结构中高碳能源所占比例的变化、能源技术水平的发展和相关政策的完善、城市形态等因素,对城市能源消费CO_2排放的影响作用存在差异。影响因素在同一个城市区域的不同时段内对CO_2排放的影响作用存在差异的原因可能来自城市的发展以及影响因素自身的变化。     

东北三省能源消费碳排放测度及影响因素

将扩展的Kaya恒等式与对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）分解法相结合,以2005~2016年东北三省主要能源消费数据为研究对象,构建优化的碳排放分解模型,测度并分解其碳排放与碳排放强度.通过与中国同期能源消费碳排放的定量对比分析,考察各产业（部门）能源结构效应、能源强度效应、产业结构效应、经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省能源消费碳排放的影响.结果显示：2005~2016年,东北三省碳排放总量占中国碳排放总量的8.84%,碳排放强度普遍高于中国碳排放强度.经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省碳排放增长起拉动作用,其中经济产出效应贡献最大为188%,经济发展和城市化进程的加速不利于碳排放的降低.产业能源强度效应、能源结构效应及产业结构效应对东北三省碳排放增长起抑制作用,能源强度效应的抑制作用最大为59%,产业能源强度的调整空间较大.降低能源消耗强度,调整产业内部结构,完善经济政策体制是今后促进东北三省低碳经济发展的重要手段.     

基于LMDI模型的黄河流域碳排放时空差异及影响因素研究

全面核算能源消费产生的碳排放量并明确其时空演变的影响因素是制定、实施及评估黄河流域碳减排策略的依据和保障。选取黄河流域9省（区）作为研究区,采用LMDI模型,计算了2003—2019年黄河流域能源消费产生的碳排放量,并对其时空差异及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）从时间序列演化特征来看,在2003—2019年,黄河流域的碳排放量整体呈增长趋势,但增长幅度逐年收缩;（2）从空间分异特征来看,黄河流域上、中、下游的碳排放量呈西低东高的区域格局;（3）能源消费强度效应与经济增长效应分别是减缓和促进区域碳排放量增长的关键性因素,人口规模效应对于碳排放量表现为正向驱动作用,但影响程度较小,能源碳排放强度的抑制作用十分有限。最后,针对各影响因素提出了碳减排措施的对策建议。     

基于供需视角的中国煤炭消费演变特征及其驱动机制

作为全球煤炭消费和碳排放最大的国家,中国煤炭消费的演变趋势及其驱动机制,一直是科研工作者和政策制定者比较关注的议题。以2013年中国煤炭消费总量28亿tce为关键时间节点,对比分析煤炭消费动力机制的差异性。通过分别构建侧重供给侧分析的LMDI模型和侧重需求侧分析的IO-SDA模型,以期揭示中国煤炭消费的演变特征及驱动机制。主要结论如下：（1）基于供给端的因素分解分析,中国的煤炭消费主要由经济增长效应、能源强度效应、产业结构效应和能源结构效应共同驱动。2013年以来的GDP增速放缓、产业结构和能源结构的深度调整,以及能源消费强度的持续降低是煤炭消费总量下降的关键所在。（2）基于需求侧的结构分解分析,中国的煤炭消费主要由固定资本形成总额、出口和城镇居民消费所影响。出口紧随固定资本形成总额,是煤炭消费增长的两大需求端驱动因素,但是,由出口诱发的煤炭消费量在2007年全球金融危机之后达到阶段性峰值。城镇居民消费在2017年超越出口,成为当前煤炭消费增长的第二大需求端驱动因素。（3）基于最终需求视角,分行业煤炭消费呈现出由“出口到固定资本形成总额再到城镇居民消费”拉动的变化特征,同时,行业发展的煤炭资源依赖性逐步降低。     

中国能源消费碳排放影响因素分析

利用改进的主成分回归分析技术考察1990年以来中国人口和经济因素对化石能源消费碳排放的影响作用。研究发现：以人口总量、人口城市化和居民收入水平为代表的人口因素和以经济规模、产业结构、能耗结构及碳排放强度为代表的经济因素对碳排放均具有显著的正向影响;其中,经济规模和人口总量是能源消费碳排放的关键决定因子。研究结果为国家制订合理的节能减排政策、协调人地关系提供了参考依据。     

人口迁移视角下城镇化对典型领域碳排放驱动效应研究——以辽宁省为例

城镇化的快速发展为我国带来了日新月异的变化,但城镇化进程中伴随着能源消费快速增长,使我国面临能源供应、节能减排等方面更加严峻的挑战.现有研究主要是从宏观角度研究城镇化对能源消费及碳排放的影响,较少探究人口从农村向城镇迁移过程中对典型领域产生的驱动效应.基于此,本研究以辽宁省为例,应用弹性系数模型,选取居民消费、住宅建筑、道路交通3个典型领域探讨城镇化对碳排放的驱动效应,并提出针对性的碳减排政策.结果表明,2006—2015年,城镇化对居民生活直接消费碳排放的驱动效应最为显著,弹性系数为9.91;对居民生活间接消费碳排放和道路交通领域的驱动效应次之,弹性系数分别为6.94和5.38;对住宅建筑等驱动效应最弱,弹性系数为2.71.研究表明,城乡生活方式差异导致居民直接生活消费碳排放显著增加,相较而言,城乡产品市场差异较小;辽宁省现阶段城镇住宅建筑存量与城镇新增人口的需求基本匹配,但人口城镇化带来的城市边界外扩、人口密度提高,导致道路交通碳排放增长.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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