微波辐照制备花生壳活性炭研究

以花生壳为原料通过微波辐照制备了具有高比表面积并含有大量中孔的活性炭。讨论了活化剂类型、浸渍时间、浸渍比、活化剂浓度、微波功率和辐照时间对花生壳活性炭制备的影响。结果表明:相较磷酸和氢氧化钠,采用氯化锌活化剂制备的花生壳活性炭有更好的碘吸附性能;在浸渍浓度为40%,浸渍比为1∶6,浸渍时间为48 h,微波功率为500 W,辐照时间为6 min的条件下,制备的花生壳活性炭碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为(898.6±12.8)mg/g和(46.2±3.8)mg/g;微波辐照工艺制备的活性炭,其碘吸附与亚甲基蓝吸附能力均优于马弗炉工艺;花生壳活性炭的碘吸附与亚甲基蓝吸附能力均优于市售活性炭。     

微波-活性炭联合处理焦化废水的应用前景

焦化废水是一种有机物浓度较高且含氨氮很难降解的有机工业废水。本文介绍了目前国内外焦化废水的治理现状以及微波-活性炭处理技术应用的情况,讨论了微波-活性炭处理废水的机理,并对微波-活性炭协同深度处理工业废水的前景进行了展望。     

微波辅助合成γ-Fe2O3/花生壳磁性生物炭对水体中环丙沙星吸附的研究

基于化学共沉淀法,利用微波辅助成功合成了γ-Fe_2O_3/花生壳磁性生物炭复合材料.结果表明,微波辅助合成扩大了生物炭的比表面积和孔隙体积,提高了生物炭表面γ-Fe_2O_3颗粒的分散度.此外,微波效应使得γ-Fe_2O_3牢固地附着在生物炭表面并提高了吸附剂的磁性.在最佳pH=6.0的条件下,微波辅助合成的磁性生物炭对环丙沙星(CIP)的吸附量为8.30 mg·g~(-1),吸附量高于传统法制备的吸附剂(4.50 mg·g~(-1)).吸附过程受多重机制控制,5次循环实验证实由微波辅助合成的γ-Fe_2O_3/花生壳磁性生物炭纳米复合材料是一种高效、稳定、可重复使用的吸附剂.微波辅助合成给磁性生物炭优化提供了新思路,为提高吸附剂对有机污染物的有效去除提供了新的途径.     

微波诱导氧化处理雅格素红BF-3B150%染料废水的研究

以颗粒活性炭为催化剂 ,建立了微波诱导氧化工艺 ,对雅格素红BF 3B15 0 %染料废水进行了有效处理 .分别考查了废水初始浓度、微波功率、微波辐照时间、活性炭粒径、活性炭用量和废水pH值对废水处理效果的影响 .该工艺对稀释 10 0倍后的实际废水 (原水COD为 2 82 4 0mg·L-1)最佳处理工艺条件为 :微波辐照时间 6min、微波辐射功率 6 5 0W、活性炭用量为 8g、活性炭粒径 2 0目以下 ,微波诱导催化氧化在酸性条件下比在碱性条件下的处理效果要好 .在此工艺条件下 ,废水脱色率达99 6 %、COD去除率达 96 8% .微波辐射雅格素红染料废水脱色表观反应动力学研究表明 ,该反应近似一级反应 ,动力学常数为 0 735 1min-1,半衰期为 0 94min .微波诱导氧化、活性炭吸附和单纯微波辐射 3种不同工艺的对比实验表明 ,微波诱导氧化工艺具有明显的优越性 ,且不会对环境造成二次污染     

微波改性活性炭深度处理甲基橙染料废水的性能研究

活性炭吸附法是深度处理染料废水的主要方法之一。本研究采用微波技术对活性炭(GAC)进行改性处理,并对活性炭和微波改性活性炭(W-GAC)进行表征分析。以甲基橙溶液作为处理对象,将CODCr降解率作为吸附效果的评价指标,考察了各种吸附工况条件对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:W-GAC较GAC的比表面积与总孔容略有减小,WGAC酸性含氧的部分减少明显,碱性基团的含量是GAC的1.63倍,非极性变大,提高了改性活性炭对染料分子的吸附容量。在最佳工况条件下,W-GAC处理甲基橙废水的CODCr降解率较GAC提高了53.2%;吸附反应属于Lagergren准二级反应,相关系数R2值都在0.99以上。     

基于活性炭纤维处理印染废水方法优选

印染废水是当前工业废水处理的难点,污染物质主要来自各种染料、化学药剂等,具有污染浓度高、色度大、水质变化大等特点。分别用生物活性炭纤维法、活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,并对两种方法的处理效果进行比较。试验结果表明,活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,COD去除率为94.3%,色度值降至40倍,悬浮物浓度降至40 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至2.2 mg/L;生物活性炭纤维法处理印染废水,COD去除率为86.0%,色度值降至520倍,悬浮物浓度降至240 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至1.5 mg/L。活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法对废水COD、色度、悬浮物的处理效果优于生物活性炭纤维法。     

高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭吸附处理焦化废水的研究

采用高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭对焦化废水进行吸附处理,研究了吸附温度、活性炭投加量、吸附时间等工艺条件对处理效果的影响,并对活性碳的再生进行了初步探讨.结果表明,在32℃时,活性炭投加量1g/50 mL,吸附3h后,焦化废水中氨氮去除率为23.4%,苯酚去除率为85.8%,COD去除率可达90%.该活性炭能够进行有限的再生利用.     

高比表面生物质炭的制备、表征及吸附性能

以废弃生物质互花米草与棉秆为原料,采用KOH活化制备了高比表面积微孔生物质活性炭.研究了原料类别、浸渍比、炭化温度及保温时间对炭组成与吸附性能的影响,利用氮气吸附、X-射线衍射、红外光谱FT-IR、扫描电子显微镜SEM等技术对活性炭表面物化性质进行了分析,并通过BET方程、DFT密度函数理论及Horvath-Kawazoe方程对比表面积与孔分布进行了表征测定.结果表明,氢氧化钾活化制备互花米草与棉秆活性炭的适宜条件为浸渍比3:1、活化温度800℃、活化时间1.5 h.在此条件下制得的互花米草活性炭与棉秆活性炭的得率为16.36%和11.22%,BET比表面积高达2 825 m2.g-1和2 135 m2·g-1,孔容积分别为1.374 mg·g-1和1.038 cm3·g-1;孔径分布狭窄,95%的孔集中在3 nm以内.该条件下制备的互花米草与棉秆活性炭吸附性能好,对碘的吸附值分别为1 797 mg·g-1和1 251 mg·g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为495 mg·g-1和478mg·g-1,均超过了国家水处理用活性炭一级品标准;2种生物质炭样品对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为932 mg.g-1、747 mg·g-1,均优于普通活性炭与活性炭纤维.     

微波催化氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用微波-活性炭-Fenton催化氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响.结果表明,COD和氨氮去除率随活性炭用量、微波辐射时间和微波功率增加而增加;随Fe2+用量和H2O2用量增加,COD和氨氮去除率先增加而后下降;随pH值增加,氨氮去除率显著增加,COD去除率变化不明显.在微波功率为300W,pH值为8,活性炭9g/L,Fe2+用量为0.02mol/L,H2O2用量为7mL/L,辐射时间6min条件下,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到68.22%和78.08%,SS去除率达到78.55%,浑浊度去除率达到99.02%,颜色由黑褐色去除为接近无色,BOD5/COD由0.21提高到0.45;研究比较了不同处理对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.结果显示,微波催化氧化对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理.     

化工企业排污废水活性炭净化方法研究与实现

化工企业废水处理最好的方法是活性炭处理方法,活性炭具有很强的净化能力。能够对废水中的其他物质进行净化,以达到去除废水中杂质的作用,分别采用粉末形状活性炭、颗粒形状活性炭、纤维活性炭对化工企业排污废水进行净化处理,通过对废水中的COD、氨氮浓度、废水浊度、pH值净化进行对比分析。纤维活性炭净化速率最快,净化所需时间最短,对化工企业排污废水中COD净化容量最高、浊度去除率最高,但对氨氮浓度和pH值没有明显的净化效果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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