Impaction collection and slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in sidestream cigarette smoke by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

The slurry sampling technique has been applied for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and lead in sidestream cigarette smoke condensate (SS CSC) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The smoke collection system consists of a "fishtail" chimney in conjunction with an impaction trap and a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) backup filter for the SS CSC collection. The smoke condensates, collected at three different regions of the system (i.e. the inner wall of the chimney, the impaction trap and the MCE filter), were individually prepared and analyzed and showed that about 70 and 20% of Cd and Pb, respectively, were trapped by the impaction trap and the MCE filter with less than 5% trapped by the chimney. In contrast, about 60% of As was trapped by the impactor and a relatively high percentage of As, about 30%, was deposited onto the inner wall of the chimney. The uneven distribution of trace metals at each collection stage strongly suggested that the composition of smoke aerosol and the associated physical form of the analytes may be different. The yields of As, Cd and Pb for the sidestream cigarette smoke of the 1R4F reference cigarette were 29.5 +/- 2.4, 421 +/- 6.6 and 46.4 +/- 0.9 ng cigarette(-1)(n= 3) respectively, when the cigarette was smoked according to the smoking regime: 45 mL puff volume of 2-s puff duration at an interval of 30 s with 50% ventilation holes covered. The analytical results for the slurry sampling technique were also compared with other sample preparation techniques and show good agreement.     

旧烟度卡的烟度值R_b与新烟度标准烟度值S_F之间的关系

目前我国已发布实施了一些新烟度排放、测量和仪器标准，并规定烟度符号采用ＳＦ，烟度单位为ＦＳＮ。但由于尚未发布实施新的标准烟度卡，而仍然使用旧的标准烟度卡（烟度值为Ｒｂ），因此给烟度测量造成了一定的误差。本文论述了旧标准烟度卡烟度值Ｒｂ与新标准烟度值ＳＦ之间的关系     

Concentrations of PM2.5-associated OC, EC, and PCDD/Fs measured during the 2003 wildfire season in Missoula, Montana

Throughout August and September, 2003, wildfires burned in close proximity to Missoula, Montana, with smoke emanating from the fires impacting the valley for much of the summer. This presented the perfect opportunity to measure the levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) comprising ambient forest fire smoke particles impacting the Missoula Valley. An air sampler at the Montana Department of Environmental Quality's (DEQ) compliance site in Missoula measured hourly averages of PM₁₀ throughout the fire season. Three collocated PM_2.5 cyclones collected 24-h smoke samples using quartz filters and Polyurethane Foam (PUF) sorbent cartridges. From the quartz filters, concentrations of Organic and Elemental Carbon (OC/EC) were measured, while PCDD/F were measured from one set of a filter (particle phase) and PUF (vapor phase) aggregate of samples in an attempt to also investigate the different phases of PCDD/F in forest fire smoke impaired communities.Hourly PM₁₀ concentrations peaked at 302.9 μg m⁻³ on August 15. The highest OC concentration (115.6 μg m⁻³) was measured between August 21–22, and the highest EC concentration of 10.5 μg m⁻³ was measured August 20–21. Measurable concentrations of PM_2.5 associated PCDD/Fs were not detected from a representative aggregate sample, with the exception of small amounts of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin and octachlorodibenzodioxin. PM_2.5 samples collected during the smoke events were composed of approximately 65% OC. However, the OC fraction of the particles collected in the smoke impaired Missoula valley was not composed of significant amounts of PCDD/F.     

Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galażyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12 ± 15.51 μg l⁻¹) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 ± 11.19 μg l⁻¹). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 ± 0.1765 and 0.6853 ± 0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.     

固定污染源烟气中可凝结颗粒物监测技术现状及展望

随着国家对大气环境治理的推进,可凝结颗粒物(CPM)成为工业烟气防治的关键污染物。CPM在烟道高温环境中为气态物质,排入大气环境后快速凝结成颗粒态物质,对其进行准确测量是国内外的前沿技术挑战之一。通过研究分析CPM在烟气和烟羽中演化特征与监测技术现状,阐明CPM的概念、形成机制与排放特征,阐释已有的工业烟气CPM采集与分析方法及其存在的问题,并进一步对超低排放烟气中CPM的在线监测和质控技术提出展望。     

氯苯类化合物在大气中分布特征探究

建立环境空气和有组织废气排放模拟污染源,以玻璃纤维滤膜+玻璃棉和活性炭为吸附材料采集大气中氯苯类化合物,使用气相色谱法测定各组分,考察氯苯类化合物在大气气相和颗粒物中的分布特征。结果显示,环境空气和固定污染源有组织排放废气中一氯代至四氯代苯类各组分主要分布在大气气相中,颗粒物中少有分布,说明现行环境监测方法以固体吸附剂采集测定大气中的氯苯类化合物可行。     

加油站在线监控模块在油气回收设施长效管理中的应用

以上海市为例,分析了加油站油气回收设施的运行现状,以及存在的内部管理制度落实不到位、治理设施维保难落实等问题,并在此基础上提出了加油站在线监控模块的设计思路。对加油站的跟踪测试表明,应用汽油枪气液比在线监控数据,有助于及时判定故障和报修,降低油气回收设备的维护成本;应用油罐压力在线监控数据,可以有效反映卸油时的油气泄漏情况,便于对卸油全过程实施监控。     

香烟燃烧排放的主流烟气中PAHs的含量检测研究

研究10种不同价格香烟燃烧烟气的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量特征,结果表明,每种香烟烟气都含有多环芳烃,但是含量差别较大,平均值为405.405ng/g。在检测出来的多环芳烃中,主要是以2,3环多环芳烃为主,占据的比例达到80%左右。因此香烟烟气中的多环芳烃应该引起人们的广泛关注。     

Elevated concentrations of endotoxin in indoor air due to cigarette smoking

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important worldwide public health issue. The present study demonstrates that cigarette smoke can be a major source of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in indoor environments. Gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry was used to determine 3-hydroxy fatty acids as markers of endotoxin in air-borne house dust in homes of smokers and non-smokers. Air concentrations of endotoxin were 4-63 times higher in rooms of smoking students than in identical rooms of non-smoking students. The fact that cigarette smoke contains large amounts of endotoxin may partly explain the high prevalence of respiratory disorders among smokers and may also draw attention to a hitherto neglected risk factor of ETS.     

Inspection of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from emission sources and in ambient air by Fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometry: Measurements with FTIS-MAPS

Infrared spectrometry is a versatile basis to analyse greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A multicomponent air pollution software (MAPS) was developed for retrieval of gas concentrations from radiation emission as well as absorption measurements. Concentrations of CO, CH₄, N₂O, and H₂O as well as CO₂, NO, NO₂, NH₃, SO₂, HCl, HCHO, and the temperature of warm gases are determined on-line. The analyses of greenhouse gases in gaseous emission sources and in ambient air are performed by a mobile remote sensing system using the double-pendulum interferometer K300 of the Munich company Kayser-Threde. Passive radiation measurements are performed to retrieve CO, N₂O, and H₂O as well as CO₂, NO, SO₂, and HCl concentrations in smoke stack effluents of thermal power plants and municipal incinerators and CO and H₂O as well as CO₂ and NO in exhausts of aircraft engines. Open-path radiation measurements are used to determine greenhouse gas concentrations at different ambient air conditions and greenhouse gas emission rates of diffusive sources as garbage deposits, open coal mining, stock farming together with additional compounds (e.g. NH₃), and from road traffic together with HCHO. Some results of measurements are shown. A future task is the verification of emission cadastres by these inspection measurements.     

Determination of CH4, CO2 and N2O in air samples and soil atmosphere by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS

A method for determination of the climate gases CH4, CO2 and N2O in air samples and soil atmosphere was developed using GC-MS. The method uses straightforward gas chromatography (separation of the gases) with a mass spectrometric detector in single ion mode (specific determination). The gases were determined with high sensitivity and high sample throughput (18 samples h(-1)). The LOD (3sigma) for the gases were 0.10 micro L L(-1) for CH4, 20 microL L(-1) for CO2 and 0.02 microL L(-1) for N2O. The linear range (R2 = 0.999) was up to 500 microL L(-1) for CH4, 4000 microL L(-1) for CO2 and 80 microL L(-1) for N2O. The samples were collected in 10 mL vials and a 5 microL aliquot was injected on column. The method was tested against certified gas references, the analytical data gave an accuracy within +/-5% and a precision of +/-3%. The presence of < or = 10% by volume of C2H2 (often used experimentally to prevent N2 formation from N2O) did not interfere with detection for the targeted trace gases.     

主分量分析法在环境空气监测数据分析中的应用

根据西宁市13个环境空气监测站点2013—2017年大气污染物细颗粒物(PM2. 5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)、臭氧最大8 h平均(O_3-8h)和一氧化碳(CO)的监测数据,采用主分量分析法对西宁市环境空气质量进行了综合评估。结果表明,2013—2017年西宁市大部分环境空气监测站点周边环境空气质量逐渐提升,4个国控站综合得分(F)趋势变化幅度较大,其周边环境空气质量状况改善较为明显;城南新区、湟源县气象局和西钢监测站点周边环境空气质量呈逐年下降趋势,与其附近工业生产有关。     

WK－1A型二氧化硫自动测定仪测定烟气中SO_2的方法研究

本文研究了仪器电导法测定烟气中ＳＯ２的监测方法，并与碘量法进行了比较，提出了吸收液测定的影响及吸收液的配制方法。本方法简单快速，能够满足烟气中ＳＯ２监测工作的要求。     

Insights into ozone deposition patterns from decade-long ozone flux measurements over a mixed temperate forest

Long-term fluxes of ozone (O(3)) were measured over a mixed temperate forest using the aerodynamic gradient method. The long-term average O(3) flux (F) was -366 ng m(-2) s(-1) for the period 2000-2010, corresponding to an average O(3) concentration of 48 μg m(-3) and a deposition velocity v(d) of 9 mm s(-1). Average nocturnal ozone deposition amounted to -190 ng m(-2) s(-1), which was about one third of the daytime flux. Also during the winter period substantial O(3) deposition was measured. In addition, total O(3) fluxes were found to differ significantly among canopy wetness categories. During the day, highest deposition fluxes were generally measured for a dry canopy, whereas a rain-wetted canopy constituted the best sink at night. Flux partitioning calculations revealed that the stomatal flux (F(s)) contributed 20% to the total F but the F(s)/F fraction was subject to seasonal and diurnal changes. The annual concentration-based index AOT40 (accumulated dose over a threshold of 40 ppb) and the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD(1) or accumulated stomatal flux above a threshold of 1 nmol m(-2) s(-1)) were related in a curvilinear way. The O(3) deposition was found to be largely controlled by non-stomatal sinks, whose strength was enhanced by high friction velocities (u(*)), optimizing the mechanical mixing of O(3) into the canopy and the trunk space. The long-term geometrical mean of the non-stomatal resistance (R(ns)) was 136 s m(-1) but lower R(ns) values were encountered during the winter half-year due to higher u(*). The R(ns) was also subject to a marked diurnal variability, with low R(ns) in the morning hours, when turbulence took off. We speculate that non-stomatal deposition was largely driven by scavenging of ozone by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and especially NO emitted from the crown or the forest floor.     

济南市大气颗粒物主要排放源多环芳烃成分谱研究

根据济南市颗粒物排放源的特点,通过采样分析获取了济南市大气颗粒物排放源(土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘)的粒度谱、多环芳烃成分谱,为济南市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析,提供可靠的基础数据。     

Size distribution and composition of phosphorus in the East Tiao River, China: the significant role of colloids

The environmental risk of aquatic phosphorus (P) critically depends on its mobility and bioavailability, both of which are greatly affected by the size distribution and composition of P. The size distribution (particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved phase) of P, composed of molybdate reactive P (MRP) and molybdate unreactive P (MUP), was determined at twenty-three typical sections of the East Tiao River, China in the plum rain season. Results indicated particulate P was dominant followed by the truly dissolved P, while colloidal P was quantitatively the lowest in the whole river. From upstream to downstream, particulate P sharply increased, along with a slight decrease of truly dissolved P. However, colloidal P remained at a relatively stable level in the whole river, ranging from below detection limit to 0.025 mg L(-1), 0 to 13.4% of total P (TP). Furthermore, colloidal MRP exhibited a rising trend downriver as compared to upriver, with the notable transfer of MRP from the truly dissolved phase to particulate and colloidal phases. Particle concentration effect for colloids, observed in the study of MRP distribution, further corroborated the role of colloids in MRP solid/liquid partitioning. These observations, in this large-scale field investigation, fitted the "colloidal pumping" hypothesis. It may be concluded that colloids act as the intermediate and buffer in the dynamically balanced transfer of P from truly dissolved phase to large particulate phase, having a significant role in size distribution of P.     

Risk assessment and remediation suggestion of impacted soil by produced water associated with oil production

Produced water is water trapped in underground formations that is brought to the surface along with oil or gas production. Oilfield impacted soil is the most common environmental problem associated with oil production. The produced water associated with oil-production contaminates the soil and causes the outright death of plants, and the subsequent erosion of topsoil. Also, impacted soil serves to contaminate surface waters and shallow aquifers. This paper is intended to provide an approach for full characterization of contaminated soil by produced water, by means of analysis of both the produced water and the impacted soil using several recommended analytical techniques and then identify and assay the main constituents that cause contamination of the soil. Gialo-59 oilfield (29N, 21E), Libya, has been chosen as the case study of this work. The field has a long history of petroleum production since 1959, where about 300,000 bbl of produced water be discharged into open pit. Test samples of contaminated soil were collected from one of the disposal pits. Samples of produced water were collected from different points throughout the oil production process, and the analyses were carried out at the labs of Libyan Petroleum Institute, Tripoli, Libya. The results are compared with the local environmental limiting constituents in order to prepare for a plan of soil remediation. The results showed that the main constituents (pollutants) that impact the soil are salts and hydrocarbon compounds. Accordingly; an action of soil remediation has been proposed to remove the salts and degradation of hydrocarbons.     

Inhibitor resistance and in situ capability of nanoparticle based gene quantification

We have demonstrated the preliminary results of the in situ monitoring capability of an inhibitor resistant gene quantification assay using magnetic bead (MB) and quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles (hereafter "MB-QD assay") for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples. The selectivity of the MB-QD assay was demonstrated via the discrimination of the target bacteria in the presence of nonspecific microbial populations. The effect of temperature on the assay was examined to evaluate the necessity of elevated temperature incubation. The reagents (i.e., particle complex and particle-DNA conjugate) were also shown to have a stability of at least 10 days without refrigeration, therefore enabling prior preparation and the subsequent storage of these reagents. In addition, it was found that the MB-QD assay was resistant to the presence of naturally occurring inhibitors (i.e., humic acids, Ca(2+)) and residual reagents from DNA extraction (i.e., surfactant, ethanol). Overall the results indicated that the MB-QD assay is potentially suitable for further development as an in situ bacteria monitoring method for working with inhibitor laden samples without requiring additional purification steps and elevated temperature processes.     

Potential of Calendula alata for phytoremediation of stable cesium and lead from solutions

Calendula alata plants were tested for their potential to remove stable cesium and lead from solutions in a 15-day period. The plants were grown hydroponically and placed in solutions containing CsCl and Pb(C?H?O?)? at different concentrations (0.6, 2 and 5 mg l?1). When plants were incubated in CsCl solutions 46.84 ± 2.12%, 41.35 ± 1.59%, and 52.06 ± 1.02% cesium was found to be remediated after 15 days. Moreover, more than 99% lead was removed from the Pb(C?H?O?)? solution in all three concentrations after 15 days during the same period. When both CsCl and Pb(C?H?O?)? were supplemented together in the solution, 9.92 ± 1.22%, 45.56 ± 3.52%, and 46.16 ± 1.48% cesium and 95.30 ± 0.72%, 96.64 ± 0.30%, and 99.02 ± 0.04% lead were removed after 15 days. The present study suggests that hydroponically grown C. alata could be used as a potential candidate plant for phytoremediation of cesium and lead from solutions; however, plants were found to be more efficient for the remediation of lead than cesium.     

Investigation of Mtbe and Aromatic Compound Concentrations at a Gas Service Station

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been used as a fuel additive at levels of 2–11% in Taiwan for the past decade. The purpose of this additive is to enhance the octane, replace the use of lead-based anti-knock gasoline additives and reduce aromatic hydrocarbons. However, it is possible that oxygenated fuel has a potential health impact. To determine the air quality impact of MTBE, measurements were made of ambient MTBE and other gasoline constituents at a service station. Additionally, environmental conditions (wind speed, wind direction, and temperature, etc.) that could affect concentrations of emission constituents were measured. Gas samples were analyzed for target MTBE and volatile organic compounds, e.g., benzene and toluene. Ambient samples were collected using Tenax adsorbent tubes for mass spectrometric analysis at a service station located in Changhua County, Taiwan. The resulting measured ambient air concentrations were compared with Taiwans regulatory standards for hazardous air pollutants. Subsequently, the factors controlling the formation of high-VOC levels at the service station and in the residential neighborhoods were identified. Additionally, the results can provide the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Taiwan with useful information and prompt them to mandate this gas service station to install a refueling vapor recovery system.