Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of friction stir welded high density polyethylene sheets

Flexural strength is one of the main criteria in evaluation of the mechanical properties of polymeric joints. The flexural strength of thermoplastics, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets, is influenced by friction stir welding parameters. The determination of the welding parameters plays an important role in the weld strength. In the present study, the response surface method (RSM) was used as a statistical design of experiment technique to set the optimal welding parameters. The designed tool was consisted of a rotating pin, a stationary shoulder (shoe) and a heating system inside shoe. Rotational speed of the pin, tool traverse speed and shoe temperature were considered as varying parameters. Obtained results show a significant relationship between considered properties and processing parameters through an analysis of variance (ANOVA) study and the response surface method. It was found that welding at a high level of rotational speed and a lower level of tool travel speed increases weld flexural strength by reducing size of defects.     

通过测量氡的放射性来监测大气稳定度的新方法

介绍了一种通过测量氡和其短周期衰变产物的自然放射性来监测大气稳定度的新方法,该指标反映了低层大气边界层的混合特性,能够反映一次污染物的稀释扩散特征.将这种方法测量的大气稳定度与通用的帕斯奎尔分类法计算的稳定度进行对比,该方法不仅能准确反映大气稳定度长期趋势和昼夜变化,还能反映大气稳定度的瞬时变化,是解析环境污染数据,特别是一次污染物的有利工具.2007年在兰州市的观测结果显示PM10与大气稳定度的观测数值有很好的一致性趋势,表明低层大气的混合特性是决定一次污染物浓度的关键因素.     

Prediction of polycrystalline materials texture evolution in machining via Viscoplastic Self-Consistent modeling

The crystallographic orientation or anisotropy is one of the main microstructural attributes strongly affecting the mechanical properties of materials. It is also an influential parameter to be considered during the manufacturing process especially for ultra-precision machining since it affects part quality, tool performance, and process productivity through material properties. In this study, a prediction toolset constituted of a Viscoplastic Self-Consistent model and machining process mechanics model is used to predict the texture evolution on the machined surface. The VPSC (Viscoplastic Self-Consistent) methodology which uses the mechanisms of slip and twinning that are active in single crystals of arbitrary symmetry was used. For this, an analytical model for the process mechanics is derived to understand the forces and stresses generated by the cutting tool at each workpiece point, then the strain and strain rate to capture the rate at which the material is deforming and finally the crystallographic orientations under various machining conditions. Experiments were performed on the orthogonal cutting of aluminum alloy AA-7075-T651 and the texture results were compared to model predictions.     

Basic Approach to a Prediction System for Burr Formation in Face Milling

Geometric parameters and material properties are the two major categories of factors affecting burr formation in the milling process. Geometric parameters such as tool geometry, workpiece geometry, or process condition influence workpiece edge quality at the tool-chip interface. This study identifies a unified criterion to analyze burr formation for different tool engagements. The criterion exploits the exit order of cutting edges of the tool along the workpiece edge, which essentially includes the 3-D nature of the process. The criterion correlates the cutting mechanism and burr formation using the exit order sequence (EOS) as an approximation of chip flow angle. The impact of different possible exit order sequences on burr formation is analyzed. Previously observed phenomena are explained based on the EOS. Also, experiments are done with three different materials (with different ductilities) to analyze the impact of material properties on burr formation for a given EOS. Although burr sizes are different quantitatively with different material, the ranking of burr size for different EOS remained the same. An algorithm for the prediction of burr formation in face milling based on EOS is developed and tested and validated on two different profiles of an automotive part.     

高流速海水中舰艇常用材料腐蚀实验研究

介绍了舰艇常用材料在海水环境动态高流速条件下自然电位、自然腐蚀率、电偶腐蚀等多方面的腐蚀实验方法及实验结果,得出了舰艇常用系列材料在动态海水中的腐蚀基本数据以及变化规律,为在舰船设计中材料的选择及腐蚀防护方案的制定提供参考。     

渗滤液对不同管材的结垢性腐蚀研究

渗滤液成分复杂,在收集和输运过程中极易引起管道结垢腐蚀,对环境形成潜在风险。选取4种典型管材,包括钢管、镀锌管、HDPE管和PVC管作为实验管材,制备样片后分别浸置于有氧和厌氧条件控制下的渗滤液中,研究其耐腐蚀性能。通过样片称重分析,结合材料性能表征,发现材料结垢量、腐蚀程度与其表面粗糙度显著相关;通过样片的结垢性腐蚀程度分析,4种材料的优劣顺序为HDPE > PVC > 镀锌管 > 钢管。研究结果对渗滤液收集输运系统管材选择及保障填埋场安全运营具有一定指导意义。     

The recycling cycle of materials as a design project tool

Currently, a large number of companies consider recycling of materials as an opportunity to maximize profits and to reduce the environmental impact generated by these materials after they are disposed. However, there is also a strong constraint on the use of recycled materials mainly due to the lack of technical/scientific information, which would relate their physical properties to their recycling cycle. This information should be used in the initial phase of the product design to serve as reference for the simulation of a project to point out the physical properties obtained from recycling the Projected material (Pm). Thus, it would be possible to foresee some recycling strategy to keep the good characteristics of recycled materials by encouraging their use, regardless of the product to be designed.Therefore, the Recycling Cycle of Materials (RCM) is a tool that provides scientific/technical support in the selection of materials. It uses the information related to the physical properties of the Pm as a parameter for product design after five recycling cycles. For the case study, this tool has been applied to obtain the basic material of ABS/PC blend. Subsequently, this blend was evaluated using DSC, FTIR, traction and impact methods to obtain delimiting data for the definition of the mechanical properties resulting from the application of RCM.     

海洋环境下金属材料在多场多相作用下的空蚀研究进展

首先介绍了目前空蚀的几种损伤机制,其中空化气泡以冲击波和微射流形式作用于材料表面,并导致损伤的机械作用占主要地位。在此基础上,总结归纳了影响海洋环境下金属材料空蚀的影响因素及相关研究进展,将因素按照环境外因与材料性质内因进行划分,系统分析了各种因素对空蚀损伤的作用趋势和机制,明确了各因素间存在协同效应。最后,提出了今后空蚀研究的发展方向,如调控温度、盐度等各种环境因素,进行空化气泡产生、长大、溃灭及能量释放过程的机制研究;也可以从材料性质入手,设计合成具有优良表面性能和力学性能的新材料等,对如何减少海洋工况下的空蚀损伤的科学研究和工程应用具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

基于腐蚀电流的加速腐蚀关系可靠性模型

目的通过对加速腐蚀关系的研究,为飞机的日历寿命的确定提供依据。方法首先提出基于腐蚀电流的加速腐蚀关系可靠性模型,并通过测试极化曲线的方法得到LY12和ZL115两种飞机常用铝合金材料在蒸馏水及不同浓度Na Cl溶液中的腐蚀电流。结果由于材料缺陷分布的随机性,铝合金的腐蚀电流具有随机特征,且随着盐浓度的增加而增大。两种铝合金材料的加速腐蚀关系系数在统计上存在较大的差异,在3.5%盐浓度下(温度)考虑95%置信度的加速腐蚀关系系数,LY12铝合金为3.53、ZL115为2.32。结论本文基于腐蚀电流的加速腐蚀关系的研究可以很好地为飞机日历寿命确定提供依据。     

新型绿色环保建筑材料对建筑工程造价管理的影响研究

随着绿色建筑生态学的发展,运用新型绿色环保建筑材料已成为较为前沿的建筑手段,但不同绿色环保材料存在着造价特殊性质,因此文中提出新型绿色环保建筑材料对建筑工程造价管理的影响分析方法.首先,结合数字高程模型,将各个环保建材的造价参数当成目标向量,通过运用盒子覆盖法实现造价分布概率的求解与统计,再将造价进行量化,并对建材造价的特殊性质进行有效描述,结合造价分析结果研究了新型绿色环保建筑材料的利用情况,对不同生态建筑景观空间规划分布于不同造价区间的实际情况进行了表述,反应不同建材的造价影响,从而获得建材与造价的约束性影响关系.实验证明了分析模型的正确性.     

酸性介质对橡胶材料在盐雾环境下老化行为的影响研究

目的研究SO_2、稀硫酸两种酸性介质对橡胶材料在盐雾环境下老化行为的影响。方法以乙丙橡胶、丁腈橡胶为试验对象,分别以SO_2、稀硫酸为酸性介质,开展"SO2-盐雾"、"稀硫酸-盐雾"试验,利用宏观形貌观察、拉伸性能测试方法,结合扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱技术,分析两种酸性介质对橡胶材料老化过程的影响。结果乙丙橡胶在"SO2-盐雾"复合环境中暴露48 h后,表面由紫色变为淡蓝色;暴露12d后,表面出现密集的脱落坑和长条状的粉化带,亚甲基含量略微降低,第三单体中,残余双键特征吸收峰消失。丁腈橡胶在"SO2-盐雾"环境中暴露12d后,橡胶断裂拉伸强度保留率降低至75%,聚合物中的酰胺键、亚甲基含量显著降低。结论"SO2-盐雾"复合试验对橡胶材料的侵蚀作用更加剧烈,丁腈橡胶暴露12 d后的断裂拉伸强度损失率比在"稀硫酸-盐雾"环境下高出14.39%。SO_2气体加速了橡胶中填充剂颗粒的析出、脱落过程,造成橡胶表面出现变色、脱落等缺陷,导致橡胶材料的拉伸性能降低。     

AlCrSiN/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrN多层复合涂层的研究

目的 解决硬质合金刀具高速干切削难加工材料面临效率低、寿命短的难题,提升刀具涂层的耐热能力,在AlCrSiN涂层中周期性植入AlCrON热屏障层,并在其两侧沉积AlCrN层进行包夹,改善含氧层的韧性,既能保持涂层刀具较高的强度,又能改善其耐热能力.方法 采用全自动电弧离子镀膜机,研制具有不同调制周期的AlCrSiN/A...     

Effect of organic fractions on sorption properties of organic pollutants in sediments

Humic substrates are a major fraction of sediment organic matters, and the sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by humic substrates influences their behavior and fate in sediment. In this paper, organic matters were divided into non-humic substrates and humic substrates. Non-humic substrates include acid leaching fraction, acid extracted fraction, and lipid; humic substrates were fractionated into Ca-binding-FA(fulvic acid), Ca-binding-HA (humic acid), oxide-FA, oxide-HA, and humin. To study the effect of organic fractions on sorption properties, sorption kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments of phenanthrene and pentachlorophenol(PCP) in five sediments were carried out. The results showed that the contents of acid leaching fraction and oxide-binding-HA were the main fractions to affect the sorption rate constant, and for the sorption capacity of phenanthrene, humin was the major fraction, followed by oxide-binding-HA, oxidebinding-FA, and so on. While for PCP, the factors of influence on sorption capacity were mainly CEC, Ca-binding-FA, and Ca-binding-HA.     

农村污水处理强化ABR污泥流变及微生物种群特性研究

研究了强化厌氧折流板反应器（强化ABR）在稳定运行期对农村污水的处理效果以及反应器不同格室内污泥的表观形态、流变及微生物种群特性.结果表明：强化ABR对进水COD的平均去除率达81.05%,其中第1、2格室对进水COD去除起主要作用.反应器不同格室内污泥表观形态存在一定差异,第1、2格室污泥表面微生物以球菌和杆菌为主,第3、4格室则以丝状菌为主;不同格室内污泥剪切应力随剪切速率呈指数增加趋势,而黏度则随着剪切速率的增加而减小,且逐渐趋近一定值.反应器不同格室内的优势细菌以水解、酸化菌为主,而优势古细菌以乙酸型产甲烷菌和氢营养型产甲烷菌为主,优势细菌和古细菌在不同格室内的分布均存在一定差异.研究结果可为强化ABR在农村污水处理中的应用提供科学依据.     

废旧橡胶沥青SMA混合料铺设路面结构降噪效果初探

介绍了路面结构降噪物理特性,利用废旧橡胶沥青SMA混合料作为路面结构降噪材料,探索其隔声性能的现场监测方法。选取南京绕城公路一段作为监测路段,对采用普通沥青路面和采用SMA材料的结构降噪路面进行比对监测,结果显示采用SMA材料的结构降噪路面声级值降低1～1.8dB。分析认为交通噪声主要声源为驱动噪声,而驱动噪声中主要噪声部分为排气噪声,所以对于路面行驶噪声的降噪对于交通噪声整体声级的改善作用有限。     

Natural recovery of different areas of a deserted quarry in South China

A quarry is a surface mining operated place, which produces enormous quantities of gravel, limestone, and other materials for industrial and construction applications. Restoration and revegetation of deserted quarries are becoming increasingly important. Three areas of a typical quarry in South China: terrace for crushed materials (terrace), spoiled mound, and remaining side slope, were investigated, to compare the existing plant species and to study the relationship between environmental factors and revegetation. The plant species composition of these three areas was found to differ significantly after eight years of natural recovery. The typical plant communities found over them were composed of gramineous herbs, fems, and shrubs. Soil organic matter, soil moisture, and soil bulk density were considered to be the major determining factors for vegetation succession. There existed abiotic and biotic thresholds during quarrying restoration. Suggestions had been presented that could have accelerated the process of natural recovery in quarries.     

On the feasibility of producing polymer–metal composites via novel variant of friction stir processing

In this study a novel variant of friction stir processing was developed for producing of polymer metal surface or bulk composites in order to enhance the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. For this purpose, a novel tooling system was designed consists of a rotating pin, a stationary shoulder and a heating system located inside the shoulder. In present paper, for preliminary study high-density polyethylene and copper powder was selected as polymeric matrix and metallic additive, respectively. Surface quality, microstructure, ultimate tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity were determined for each prepared sample. From experimental tests, it was found that this approach is an efficient method for producing of polymer–metal composites.     

一种可原位修复和循环使用的包覆涂层材料及其耐蚀性能研究

目的 制备纤维素基的包覆涂层材料,研究其原位修复与循环性能。方法 以乙基纤维素、蓖麻油和矿物油等为主要原料,采用熔融共混的方法制备得到可循环使用的包覆涂层材料。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱(FT-IR)研究包覆涂层材料的微观结构,通过电化学交流阻抗技术(EIS)、溶液浸泡实验和中性盐雾试验研究涂层的耐蚀性能。采用自建电磁感应设备研究包覆涂层材料的自修复性能和循环使用性能。结果 在包覆涂层材料中添加Ni粉后,使得涂层具有一定的磁响应特性。当Ni的质量分数达到15%后,有明显的团聚现象。随着Ni含量的增加,包覆涂层材料的磁性能逐渐增强。含10% Ni的包覆涂层材料在5%的HCl溶液中浸泡28天以及中性盐雾10 000 h后均无变化,同时在磁场作用下热熔循环20次,性能和结构没有太大变化。结论 添加10% Ni粉后不会对包覆涂层材料的结构和性能产生影响,同时赋予了较好的电磁感应性能。通过磁场的作用可以修复包覆涂层材料的物理损伤,同时由于包覆涂层材料具有热塑性,可以多次修复损伤以及循环使用。     

金属材料对放射性核素的屏蔽性能研究

目的为应对在核反恐以及核应急中屏蔽体对放射性核素的监测和识别干扰,对金属材料屏蔽体的放射性核素屏蔽性能进行研究。方法选用三种不同壁厚、材质的金属作为屏蔽体,探测它们对同一放射源的屏蔽作用。结果发现研究中的几种金属材料屏蔽体对200 ke V以下的gamma射线均具有较强的屏蔽作用,尤其对于低强度射线,经屏蔽体后几乎无法检测到。同一材质金属,其屏蔽性能与壁厚成正比,但是4 mm铝筒的屏蔽效果比3 mm钢筒的屏蔽效果有时候还差。结论在实际场景放射性核素探测识别中,应充分考虑到不同材质和不同壁厚的屏蔽体对射线的吸收影响,从而快速检测和识别放射性核素。这对核反恐和核应急过程中的监测有特别的现实意义。     

Integrated design of remanufacturable products based on product profiles

The mass of products at end of life becomes a real problem for the environment. Thus, industrials are turning their attention to strategies for the management of products at the end-of-life. The remanufacturing is an end-of-life strategy that reduces the use of raw materials and saves energy while preserving the value added during the design and manufacturing processes. But, in most of the cases, remanufacturing processes must be adapted to existing products because products have not been designed to be remanufacturable. However, the process adaptations increase costs and this can lead the overall benefits obtained with the remanufacturing process to be reconsidered.The aim of our research was to propose an approach for the designers to integrate remanufacturing constraints throughout the design process; mainly in the earliest phases. The eco-methodology assists designers in two steps. They are first helped in improving the reliability of a remanufacturing end-of-life strategy for that product on the bases of the analysis of the project context. Then they are guided towards a product whose properties are adapted to remanufacturing. Our approach is built upon remanufacturable product profiles (RPP) encapsulating the knowledge on both remanufacturing contexts and remanufactured product properties.For the product profile definition, eight categories of design criteria were identified based on a survey of about 30 products successfully remanufactured. A statistical analysis was made to identify clusters of products. Then, product profiles were extracted while examining the links between internal and external criteria for each group.This methodology is supported by the tool REPRO² (REmanufacturig with PROduct PROfiles) that we have developed, which should lead to a real integrated design of remanufacturable products. Indeed, designers assisted with this tool, made early design by product profiling. It gives specific information to improve the internal technical definition of the product under study from a remanufacturing point of view.