伏杀硫磷对斑马鱼心脏发育毒性及氧化损伤机制

以斑马鱼为研究对象,评价伏杀硫磷急性暴露对幼鱼心脏发育毒性及氧化损伤作用.结果表明,1和3mg/L的伏杀硫磷导致斑马鱼胚胎孵化率分别下降10.37%和22.96%,体长分别缩短11.77%和19.40%,心率显著下降,产生心包水肿等胚胎发育畸形.抗氧化酶(SOD,CAT)活性检测显示伏杀硫磷造成斑马鱼幼鱼体内SOD活性随浓度增加先上升后下降,CAT活性显著下降;活性氧(ROS)检测表明伏杀硫磷对幼鱼的心脏部位造成氧化损伤;Tg(cmlc2:EGFP)转基因斑马鱼证明伏杀硫磷诱导幼鱼的心房和心室过度分离;吖啶橙(AO)染色显示幼鱼心脏部位发生细胞过度凋亡;心脏发育相关的基因中nppa和sox9b显著上调,gata4和vmhc显著下调;凋亡相关基因bcl2、bax、Puma、Mdm2的表达均显著下调.伏杀硫磷暴露造成的心脏发育毒性与氧化损伤和细胞凋亡平衡的破坏相关.     

苄基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚对斑马鱼中期毒性研究

该实验利用斑马鱼作为研究对象,分别暴露在暴过气的自来水中(对照组)和含苄基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(polyoxyethylene benzylphenol ether,BP)浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.25、0 mg/L水溶液(暴露组)中。暴露30 d后,将斑马鱼解剖收集肝脏,并分别对过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量进行测定,并观察斑马鱼肝脏和性腺病理变化。结果表明:不同浓度的BP处理30 d后,浓度为0.025、0.05和0.1 mg/L组斑马鱼的过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照组(p0.05);浓度为0.025、0.05、0.1和0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)含量显著低于对照组(p0.05);浓度为0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼抗氧化能力显著低于对照组(p0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量各浓度组差异不显著。浓度为0.2 mg/L组斑马鱼超氧化物歧化酶显著高于对照组(p0.05);1和2 mg/L浓度处理组对肝细胞受到较为严重的损伤。而1和2 mg/L浓度组斑马鱼卵细胞发育速度明显较对照组加快,出现了大量的发育到晚期的初级卵母细胞。结果显示不同浓度BP对斑马鱼的氧化系统有不同程度的胁迫作用,高浓度组对斑马鱼的肝脏系统损伤较为严重,而对性腺细胞有促生长作用。     

氟对斑马鱼甲状腺内分泌功能的干扰效应

为探究氟对斑马鱼甲状腺内分泌功能的干扰效应,本研究以雌性斑马鱼成鱼为研究对象,分别以不同浓度氟(0、20、 40、80 mg·L~(-1))暴露45 d和90 d,对斑马鱼的生长发育指数进行测定,用组织学方法对斑马鱼甲状腺组织结构进行显微观察,用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆中T3和T4激素水平,并用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测HPT轴上内分泌相关基因的表达.结果显示,与对照组相比,氟暴露组雌性斑马鱼的生长发育指数随着暴露浓度和时间的增加而呈下降趋势(p0.05);甲状腺组织病变程度随着氟暴露浓度的增大和时间的延长而加重;氟暴露45 d时,T3和T4水平呈升高趋势,90 d时,T4水平呈下降趋势且在80 mg·L~(-1)组下降显著(p0.05);氟暴露45 d时,40 mg·L~(-1)组除crh处,其他mRNA表达均显著下降(p0.05),80 mg·L~(-1)组除tg、nis、ttr外其他mRNA表达均显著下降(p0.05);暴露90 d时tg、dio1、dio2的mRNA表达水平在40 mg·L~(-1)和80 mg·L~(-1)组显著上升(p0.05),ugt1ab mRNA表达在80 mg·L~(-1)组显著下降(p0.05).综上,氟可通过影响雌性斑马鱼的生长发育、甲状腺组织结构、激素水平及HPT轴上内分泌相关基因的表达,从而对其甲状腺内分泌功能产生一定程度的干扰,进而影响机体的生长发育.本研究结果对水环境中氟的生态毒性效应及风险评估提供了理论资料.     

柱孢藻毒素对草鱼淋巴细胞毒效应及氧化损伤机理研究

针对淡水水体拟柱孢藻水华产生的柱孢藻毒素,以我国典型食用鱼种草鱼(Ctenophar yngodon idellus)为实验材料,研究了其对鱼体免疫细胞毒效应及机理.结果表明,随着体外暴露剂量的增加,草鱼淋巴细胞活性逐渐降低,暴露24h后100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素诱导组细胞活性仅为对照组的20%;对诱导组淋巴细胞的DNA检测发现呈现阶梯状电泳的典型细胞凋亡特征;应用流式细胞仪进一步检测了细胞凋亡率,表明1～100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素均能够诱导细胞凋亡,并且其凋亡毒效应呈现明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;诱导12h后,氧化应激产物活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均明显上升,100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素诱导组ROS含量为对照组的2.5倍,MDA含量为对照组的2倍,诱导24h后,1、10、50和100μg·L-1实验组氧化应激产物含量仍然明显上升,这说明氧化应激是柱孢藻毒素导致草鱼淋巴细胞DNA损伤的重要原因;RT-PCR技术对重要凋亡基因的检测表明,1～100μg·L-1实验组凋亡促进基因Bax表达显著增强(p<0.05),50和100μg·L-1高剂量组凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达显著降低(p<0.01).本研究从细胞水平揭示柱孢藻毒素对草鱼免疫细胞具有明显的毒性,该毒效应通过氧化应激介导的DNA损伤表现,凋亡是柱孢藻毒素对草鱼免疫细胞毒性的主要机制.     

节球藻毒素诱导鲫鱼巨噬细胞凋亡的机理研究

选用杂食性鲤科鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为材料,采用离体细胞培养诱导方法,研究了节球藻毒素在低剂量暴露条件下对鲫鱼巨噬细胞的毒效应.流式细胞仪结果证实,节球藻毒素可以诱导细胞出现凋亡峰,阻滞细胞G0/G1期和S期,扰乱细胞周期.1、10、100μg·L-1节球藻毒素诱导12 h后,细胞凋亡率分别达到17.37%、27.59%、61.64%,而空白组的仅为3.72%.结果表明,100μg·L-1的节球藻毒素处理12 h后,胞内钙离子浓度比空白组提高了76.9%,而线粒体膜电位则下降了35.8%,氧化应激产物活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量则分别为空白组的1.86、2.94倍,Caspase-3和Caspase-9酶活性升高为空白组的2.89、3.73倍,而Caspase-8的酶活性仅比空白组的升高了33.3%,上述细胞凋亡线粒体通路指标均呈现明显的剂量-效应特征.综上所述,节球藻毒素可以诱导鲫鱼巨噬细胞发生凋亡,表现为线粒体依赖型,进而可能影响鱼类免疫系统.     

长期铅暴露对小鼠胸腺细胞活化后诱导细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨铅暴露对小鼠胸腺T细胞活化后诱导细胞凋亡的影响,将24只健康初断乳21日龄清洁级雄性KM小鼠随机分为4组:对照(蒸馏水)组和低(200 mg·L-1)、中(400 mg·L-1)、高(800 mg·L-1)剂量乙酸铅染毒组,每组6只.采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,连续染毒12周.染毒结束后,分离胸腺细胞,采用脂质体介导法将NFκB、AP-1、NFAT的荧光素酶报告基因转染到胸腺T细胞,刺激48 h后,检测荧光素酶活性.刺激胸腺细胞后,采用流式细胞仪检测凋亡相关膜分子Fas、FasL活性及细胞凋亡率.结果表明,与健康对照组小鼠相比,中、高剂量铅暴露组小鼠胸腺T细胞膜表面Fas及FasL表达明显增强(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显增加(p＜0.05);相对于刺激前,anti-CD3刺激后各组小鼠胸腺T细胞的NFκB、AP-1、NFAT转录活性明显增加(p＜0.05),Fas/FasL的表达明显增强(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显增加(p＜0.05),但相对于刺激后健康对照组,各剂量铅暴露组小鼠胸腺T细胞3种核因子转录活性明显下降(p＜0.05),Fas及FasL表达明显减弱(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显降低(p＜0.05),且随着染铅剂量增加,均呈现下降趋势.     

正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞对镉暴露毒性响应差异分析

正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞存在诸多生理特征差异,为探讨两种不同类型的肝细胞对镉（Cd）暴露毒性响应的差异,该研究分析了正常肝细胞系（HL-7702）和肝癌细胞系（HepG2）Cd暴露后在细胞活力、形态、凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达等方面的响应差异.结果表明:当Cd浓度为1 mg/L时,HL-7702细胞活力降至65%,而HepG2细胞活力未受到明显影响,且HL-7702细胞和HepG2细胞对Cd暴露的半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)分别为1.9和2.4 mg/L,说明正常肝细胞较肝癌细胞在细胞活力方面更为敏感. Cd暴露均会诱发两种细胞凋亡,但在0.25 mg/L的Cd暴露下,HepG2细胞凋亡率显著高于HL-7702细胞,说明正常肝细胞抗凋亡能力显著高于肝癌细胞.不同细胞中Cd诱发凋亡的分子途径不同,在HL-7702细胞中镉主要通过上调Caspase-3和下调Bcl-2基因的表达来诱导细胞凋亡,而在HepG2细胞中则主要通过上调Caspase-3基因来诱导细胞凋亡.研究显示,正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞对Cd暴露的毒性响应差异较大,采用人正常肝细胞比肝癌细胞更能准确评估重金属的肝毒性.     

正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞对镉暴露毒性响应差异分析

正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞存在诸多生理特征差异,为探讨两种不同类型的肝细胞对镉（Cd）暴露毒性响应的差异,该研究分析了正常肝细胞系（HL-7702）和肝癌细胞系（HepG2）Cd暴露后在细胞活力、形态、凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达等方面的响应差异.结果表明:当Cd浓度为1 mg/L时,HL-7702细胞活力降至65%,而HepG2细胞活力未受到明显影响,且HL-7702细胞和HepG2细胞对Cd暴露的半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)分别为1.9和2.4 mg/L,说明正常肝细胞较肝癌细胞在细胞活力方面更为敏感. Cd暴露均会诱发两种细胞凋亡,但在0.25 mg/L的Cd暴露下,HepG2细胞凋亡率显著高于HL-7702细胞,说明正常肝细胞抗凋亡能力显著高于肝癌细胞.不同细胞中Cd诱发凋亡的分子途径不同,在HL-7702细胞中镉主要通过上调Caspase-3和下调Bcl-2基因的表达来诱导细胞凋亡,而在HepG2细胞中则主要通过上调Caspase-3基因来诱导细胞凋亡.研究显示,正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞对Cd暴露的毒性响应差异较大,采用人正常肝细胞比肝癌细胞更能准确评估重金属的肝毒性.     

电磁环境胁迫对铜绿微囊藻氧化应激和光合固碳酶的影响作用研究

研究了3种典型电磁环境(射频电磁辐射(RF-EMF)、极低频电磁场(ELF-EMF)、交变电场(AEF))胁迫对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞氧化应激(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA))和光合固碳酶(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA))的影响作用.结果表明,短期和长期RF-EMF、ELF-EMF及AEF暴露胁迫铜绿微囊藻细胞,总体能极显著提高藻细胞的SOD活性(p0.01).铜绿微囊藻经RF-EMF、ELF-EMF及AEF短期暴露处理后,均极显著提高了藻细胞内MDA含量(p0.01);铜绿微囊藻经RFEMF、AEF长期暴露处理后,藻细胞内MDA含量极显著降低(p0.01).RF-EMF暴露处理铜绿微囊藻,总体能显著提高藻细胞Rubisco酶活性(p0.05).长期RF-EMF、AEF和ELF-EMF暴露下的铜绿微囊藻,总体表现出FBA酶活性极显著降低(p0.01).以上结果说明,RF-EMF、ELFEMF、AEF均能够诱导铜绿微囊藻发生氧化应激反应.而RF-EMF能够对铜绿微囊藻细胞参与光合作用的关键酶(Rubisco和FBA)产生一定的调控作用,表明射频电磁波能够在一定程度上影响铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合作用.     

新型消毒副产物碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导斑马鱼肝脏氧化损伤的机理研究

具有较好水溶性的碘代乙酸是新型饮用水消毒副产物,其对水生生物的毒效应及机理备受关注.肝脏是鱼类发挥解毒作用的的主要组织,极易受化学污染物影响.本研究以模式水生动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,采用半静态换水法,研究了碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导鱼体解毒功能组织氧化损伤的毒效应机理.暴露96 h后,相对于对照组,不同剂量碘代乙酸(1μg·L-1、10μg·L-1和100μg·L-1)暴露导致斑马鱼肝脏组织活性氧和丙二醛含量明显增加;超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性增强,而过氧化氢酶活性降低;肝脏解毒过程标志性基因CYP1A、CYP3A和GST在mRNA水平表达量不断增加;这些指标的变化都呈现明显的剂量-效应特征.上述研究表明,饮用水消毒过程形成的碘代乙酸对水生生物具有明显的氧化应激效应,鱼体肝脏组织解毒功能基因相对于其它指标更敏感,可作为生物标志物.此外,应当加强饮用水消毒工艺研究,减少碘代乙酸等消毒副产物的形成以降低其对水生生态系统的潜在危害.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.