城市土地利用总体规划实施评价研究

基于土地利用总体规划实施评价的目的和要求，引入政策科学的理论，提出土地利用规划实施评价的内涵；在此基础上，提出了三种类型的土地利用总体规划实施评价的内容；然后结合柳州市土地利用总体规划实施的实际，探讨了城市土地利用总体规划评价方法；对于规划的执行评价采用了主要指标对比法、因素分析法等，对规划实施的影响评价尝试了土地可持续利用评价法，对土地利用状况做出了评述。     

土地利用规划的生态满意度评价与环境影响分析

摘 要： 土地利用总体规划的环境影响包括对传统环境影响评价要素的影响及对区域人-地系统的影响。土地利用总体规划中的刚性方案与弹性方案的环境影响有着不同的表现形式，它们使得土地利用规划的环境影响评价变得更为复杂。鉴于土地利用总体规划这一环境影响评价对象的特殊性，提出了土地利用总体规划环境影响分析与生态满意度评价的方法。根据仙桃市土地利用总体规划方案，识别了各种污染源。在MAPGIS支持下进行了面域分析与空间统计处理，预测了规划实施后主要环境指标的变化；根据预测的规划实施后的生态指标变化，进行生态满意度评价。结果表明：规划区预测生态满意度值为7485，生态环境总体处于良好水平，但水污染还比较严重，应该加强治理，固体废物无害化处理也应该得到重视。土地利用总体规划环境影响评价存在着诸多不确定性，评价过程中应根据规划内容与区域差异选择合适的指标建构生态满意度评价体系。     

基于用地状态偏离度的省域土地利用总体规划实施状况差异研究

结合上轮土地利用总体规划的调控要求，设计了用地状态偏离度指标，通过对耕地、林地、牧草地、居民点及工矿用地、交通运输用地、未利用地等6类用地状态偏离度的分析，评价1997—2004年间各省域土地利用总体规划实施状况的差异。研究发现，耕地规划实施效果沿“黑滇线”呈中心优于两翼的空间分布，居民点及工矿用地状态偏离度东高西低，并沿东部沿海和长江所构筑的“T”字轴向外逐步减小。退耕还林（草）政策的实施、社会经济的快速发展、未利用地开发不足以及土地利用年度计划的适时调整是造成省域规划实施差异的主要原因。     

基于格网单元的县级土地利用总体规划生态环境影响评价方法与应用

土地利用总体规划的生态环境影响评价对于保护区域生态环境、减少土地利用总体规划对环境的负面影响具有重要的意义。以格网单元为基础，结合PSR模型和生态安全评价法，通过相关性分析筛选指标，构建评价指标体系。通过GIS空间分析，定量评价县级土地利用总体规划环境影响。以张家界市永定区为例，综合评价了规划实施前后区域生态环境的状况。评价结果表明：新一轮的土地利用总体规划后，全区生态环境状况有改善的地区占全区总面积的7819%，说明新的规划对全区大部分地区的生态环境有积极影响。其中，水土流失指数处于安全和较安全的区域占全区总面积的6017%，全区水土流失状况略有好转，加强水土保持工程建设仍是用永定区生态环境保护的首要任务之一     

基于生态系统服务功能价值评估的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究

随着全国性、地区性土地利用总体规划的制定与实施，探讨适台于土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法显得相当重要。在对生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展进行评述的基础上。分析了生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环境影响评价中应用的必要性．并结合实例对其应用方法进行了探讨．实例分析表明，生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环评中的应用具有把土地利用的生态效益转化为简单易懂的货币形式．可为决策者提供直观的生态信息及生态系统服务功能价值。可作为一项量化指标。对土地利用总体规划目标及规划方案的生态效益进行综合评估，且核算简单。有助于节省规划环评的时间和资源等优势，本文还指出了进一步研究的方向。     

基于适宜性分区的规划用地协调性与合理性评估

城市总体规划、土地利用总体规划（简称“两规”）是我国目前主要空间规划，但随着城市化的推进和建设用地的扩张，“两规”之间的矛盾和冲突加深。空间适宜性分区的提出，缓解了“两规”矛盾的升级，极大促进了“两规”之间的联系，也为其协调提供基础依据。从城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划编制方案评估出发，探索基于空间开发适宜性的规划协调评估方法，并以无锡为例开展实证研究。评估结果分析表明：无锡远景规划在环境敏感地区建设用地增长较快，适宜开发地区增长缓慢；土地利用总体规划建设用地指标不能满足未来用地需求，约束建设用地扩张，不符合无锡现实发展情况     

完善土地利用总体规划有利于政府宏观管理

在社会主义市场经济体制的建立与发展的条件下,土地使用制度改革的日益深化,以及土地可持续利用日益被高度重视的新形势下,土地利用总体规划作为政府对土地利用实行宏观调控的有效手段,在规划修编时必须重点对规划目标、科学测算、用地平衡和规划协调等几个方面作进一步深入研究。同时,要通过切实可行的法律、行政的政策和措施,予以必要保障。     

县级土地利用规划的环境影响评价设计

土地利用规划的实施对区域环境有着长期、复杂、综合的影响，有时这种影响甚至是不可逆的，这就需要对规划实施可能导致的环境影响进行科学分析，以实现对土地资源的优化配置。然而在目前，国内开展的环境影响评价大多围绕建设项目进行，涉及规划环境影响评价的理论和实践还比较缺乏。立足于实际所需，以县级土地利用规划为例，对其环境影响评价的流程和方法进行了全面设计，按照时间先后划分为回顾性评价和预测性评价两类，并分别采用加权求和法和神经网络法进行分析，同时以金口河区作为研究对象进行了具体应用，结果表明该方法简便适用、易于理解，能够对土地利用规划实施所造成的环境影响进行比较客观、准确的分析。当前，新一轮土地利用规划修编工作正在各地陆续进行，研究成果能够为实际的规划环评工作提供一些具体的方法指导。     

改进的最优组合人口预测模型及其应用

人口预测是编制土地利用总体规划的基础性研究工作,区域人口发展规模和数量是土地利用总体规划中确定各类用地控制指标和调整土地利用结构的重要依据。因此,科学准确地预测人口发展,是制定区域土地利用总体规划的基础。在分析各种人口预测模型的基础上,提出了一种改进的最优组合模型。并以湖南省张家界市永定区人口预测为例,利用改进的最优组合模型进行了人口模型预测,并与现有的线性回归模型、灰色系统GM(1,1)模型、logistic 模型、最优组合模型的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,提出的改进的最优组合模型预测结果准确可靠,有利于土地管理的科学决策,是适宜于区域土地利用规划中总人口预测的一种较好的方法。     

转型期土地利用总体规划公共治理职能研究

土地利用总体规划具有较强的公共政策属性,在我国社会转型期,将“公共治理”理论引入土地利用总体规划中,对于公平、有效配置和永续利用土地资源具有重要意义.采用文献资料法和定性分析法,阐述“公共治理”理论的内涵,论证土地利用总体规划公共政策属性,探讨“土地利用总体规划公共治理职能”的含义及功效、主要表现和基本特征.概述我国社会转型期第一、二轮土地利用总体规划发展历程,总结取得的成绩,从转型时期的经济体制改革和社会主义市场经济发展角度分析两轮土地利用总体规划公共治理职能定位及实现过程中所存在的不足.论述转型期社会经济发展对土地利用总体规划公共治理职能的内在要求,从市场化经济、政治民主化进程、全球化和加入WTO背景分析转型期实现土地利用总体规划公共治理职能的社会条件.在此基础上,从公共治理目标、编制实施理念、规划内容、公民社会网络治理、市场配置土地资源功能、法律法规以及各类规划协调配合等七方面,提出实现与完善土地利用总体规划公共治理职能的对策建议.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.