太湖梅梁湾与五里湖沉积物活性硫和重金属分布特征及相关性研究

对太湖梅梁湾和五里湖表层及柱状沉积物中的酸性可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步可提取金属(SEM)及重金属总量的分布特征进行研究.分析发现,表层沉积物中的AVS与SEM具有相同的分布特征,其浓度均自河口稳定沉降区至湾(湖)心方向减小.表层沉积物中AVS/SEM<1,说明表层重金属具有潜在的生物有效性.AVS浓度在沉积深度上具有先增加后减小的趋势,且波动幅度较大,而SEM的浓度保持相对稳定.比较SEM与重金属总量得知:Cu和Ni的提取量有自表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势,表明硫结合态的Cu、Ni在逐渐增加;Pb和Zn的提取量与硫态沉积物相比较低,说明太湖AVS对Pb和Zn的控制作用较小.由AVS与活性铁的摩尔比可知,重金属在研究湖区沉积物中变化较强.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直变化特征研究

水体沉积物中的酸溶性硫化物 (AVS)极易与二价金属阳离子反应生成难溶金属硫化物 ,从而控制沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性和生物有效性 .测定沉积物中的AVS和同步提取金属 (SEM) ,依据SEM AVS的比值可作为判定重金属生物有效性的良好指标 .通过对太湖梅梁湾 2个不同站点沉积物中AVS与SEM随深度分布的研究得出 :①AVS含量随着深度的加深先上升后降低 ,SEM含量随深度的加深呈逐渐降低趋势 ;②SEM AVS只在最表层 (0～ 2cm)大于 1,低于这一层都小于 1.③在表层沉积物 (0～ 2cm)中 ,可能存在重金属生物毒性效应 .但对于单个金属而言 ,Ni、Cu具有产生毒性作用的潜能 ,而Zn、Pb对沉积物中的生物不具有毒性 .     

红枫湖沉积物中酸可挥发硫化物及重金属生物有效性

为调查位于喀斯特地区的饮用水水源地红枫湖水库沉积物中重金属的污染情况,测定了14个站位表层沉积物样品的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步浸提重金属(SEM)含量, 并对AVS、SEM和[SEM]/[AVS]的大小及平面分布进行分析. 结果表明,调查区域内表层沉积物SEM与AVS比值的变化范围为0.007～0.033, 平均值为0.018. 通过[SEM]/[AVS]的值并结合间隙水及表层水中重金属的含量, 可以推断目前红枫湖表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物不具有毒性. 但对单个重金属而言,与毒性效应阈值的比较结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu具有对底栖生物产生毒性作用的潜在风险.本结论对红枫湖的疏浚及治理具有一定的指导作用.     

珠江虎门河口表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的重金属同步提取

测定了珠江虎门河口16个站位的表层沉积物样品中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)Cu、Co、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Ba和V的含量。结果表明,AVS的浓度范围为0.13～31.68μmol/g,平均值为8.54μmol/g;SEM的浓度范围为0.37～5.54μ/g,平均值为1.84μ/g。采用SEM/AVS比值评价方法和SEM-AVS差值评价方法预测沉积物中重金属的生物有效性,结果表明,除P3、P13、P16、P19、P20的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物可能具有中等毒性水平外,其余站点的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物无不良影响。     

三峡库区消落区水体-沉积物重金属迁移转化特征

结合三峡水库反季节调度模式,对消落区沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr这4种重金属的存在形态及迁移转化特征进行研究.结果表明,不同重金属在消落区沉积物中形态分布各异,Cu主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态形式存在,Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态及残渣态存在,Cd主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cr主要以残渣态存在.伴随着消落过程的进行,汛期出露沉积物的有机质及AVS含量下降、ORP升高、pH值降低,沉积物中可提取态重金属的相对含量显著下降,重金属具有向水体迁移趋势, Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr平均迁移率分别为30.50%、 26.10%、 33.50%和11.77%,4种重金属的迁移性大小依次为Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr.可提取态Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr对重金属迁移贡献率分别为77.15%、 86.09%、 94.86%和32.34%,可提取态是重金属发生迁移的主要部分.研究结果表明, 消落区重金属迁移呈"缓释"特征,三峡水库的反季节调度模式有利于缓解消落区重金属迁移诱导的生态风险,库区水体重金属含量处于较低水平.     

重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用

采用BCR提取法,HCl-HNO3-HF消化法和ICP-AES仪器测定了西太湖沉积岩芯中Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素不同形态的质量分数.结果表明:采用BCR方法对太湖沉积物重金属元素形态进行提取,提取结果具有较高的精度和稳定性;受元素地球化学性质及沉积物理化性质的影响,Cu,Fe,Ni和Zn以残渣态为主;Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主;Pb的有机物及硫化物结合态,Fe/Mn氧化物结合态以及残渣态的质量分数基本一致;重金属元素Fe/Mn氧化物结合态的质量分数与可还原态Mn质量分数有较好的正相关性,有机物及硫化物结合态的质量分数与有机质质量分数相关性较好.      

大风江口海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物、重金属分布及风险评价

为了解广西北部湾典型亚热带主要入海河口区——大风江口海域沉积物重金属生物毒性/生态风险现状,以2018年7月在该区域采集的10个采样点表层沉积物为基础,采用冷扩散法提取样本中酸可挥发性硫化物（acid volatile sulfides,AVS）,并同步提取重金属（simultaneously extracted heavy metals,SEM）,采用碘量法测定AVS含量,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定同步浸提的Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等5种重金属元素含量（同步提取的5种重金属含量之和用∑SEM表示）,并利用∑SEM/AVS比值法和∑SEM-AVS差值法进行沉积物重金属生态风险评价.结果表明:大风江口海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围在0.33~9.30 μmol/g之间,平均值为（3.63±2.76）μmol/g,AVS含量呈现由河流向入海河口区域递减的趋势;∑SEM范围在2.12~27.08 μmol/g之间,平均值为（7.61±7.32）μmol/g,∑SEM呈由河流向开阔海域先增加后递减的趋势;相比于其他海区,大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量和∑SEM均较高.大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量与溶出液pH（7.59~8.89）、沉积物氧化还原电位（E_h）（-165~182 mV）均呈显著负相关,表明沉积环境中E_h和pH越低,越有利于AVS的生成.大风江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中∑SEM/AVS和∑SEM-AVS的变化范围分别为0.62~15.33和-3.49~22.90 μmol/g.研究显示,大风江口海域表层沉积物中重金属具有潜在中等或高的毒性生态风险,应加强重金属污染防控.      

滇池内湖滨带沉积物中重金属形态分析

采用BCR3步分级提取法测定了滇池内湖滨带沉积物中4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn)不同形态的含量,初步评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,Cd和Zn主要以可提取态存在(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态),而Pb和Cu均以残渣态为主要存在形式.通过计算可提取态含量所占总量百分量大小,可知各金属的生物有效性大小排序为:Zn(53.06%)>Cd(50.84%)>Cu(34.62%)> Pb(28.65%).沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)与各金属不同形态间的相关性分析表明,可氧化态重金属与有机碳结合的趋势远大于弱酸溶解态和可还原态.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显表现为草海>外海,除Cu外,大部分样点的可提取态Pb、Cd和Zn含量均随采样深度增加而减少.     

太湖沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物分布特征及重金属生物有效性评价

对太湖4个湖区沉积物的酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）和同步可提取重金属（SEM）的水平和垂直分布特征进行了研究,并对沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险进行初步评价.结果表明,氧化还原电位（Eh）与AVS和SEM含量均无显著相关性;表层沉积物中AVS含量分布在研究区差异较大,变异系数达134.28%;∑SEM含量波动较小,变异系数为...     

南通龙王桥河沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物的研究

本研究对南通通甲河支流龙王桥河的表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)随时间的变化情况,AVS与同步浸提重金属(SEM)的关系,以及AVS与有机质(OM)的关系进行了一个月的监测。结果表明:①龙王桥河表层沉积物中AVS的平均含量为1700mg/kg,远高于其他河段,上覆水中AVS的含量达到1.0mg/L,污染严重;②归一法算得SEM/AVS1,沉积物中重金属主要以硫化物形式存在;③沉积物中OM含量与AVS有相关性,OM较高时AVS的含量也较高。     

“Precious” metals: The case for treating metals as irreplaceable

Non-renewable resources, including metals, minerals, and fossil fuels, are being consumed at ever-increasing rates. Only a small proportion of this consumption of natural capital is being converted to other forms of durable human capital; the majority, especially of fuels, is being consumed unrecoverably. Worse is the fact that the majority of the benefits from this consumption accrue inequitably, not only between the developed and developing world, but also within these worlds where income disparity is increasing dramatically.One solution to the problem of non-renewable resource depletion is to change the valuation of these materials, such that their prices reflect fully internalized costs plus the “cost of replacement.” Given that non-renewable resources are irreplaceable, this latter cost should be set high enough to encourage extensive conservation through recycling and reuse. A place to start in revaluing non-renewable resources such as metals is through royalty rates on mined product. Currently, royalty rates are very low, and are often charged only on profits. I propose that minimum royalty rates on revenues should be set by international agreement, and that these rates should be slowly increased over several years to allow markets time to adjust. In this way, consumers would be made directly aware of the irreplaceable value of minerals and metals, leading to a change in usage patterns, and the benefits of resource extraction would be more equitably distributed to producer nations. Ensuring that these new revenues are actually invested back into society as sustainable development requires a commitment to quality governance.     

Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell

The removal capacity of toxic heavy metals by the reused eggshell was studied.As a pretreatment process for the preparation of reused material from waste eggshell,calcination was performed in the furnace at 800℃for 2 h after crushing the dried waste eggshell.Calcination behavior,qualitative and quantitative elemental information,mineral type and surface characteristics before and after calcination of eggshell were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.After calcination,the major inorganic composition was identified as Ca(lime, 99.63%)and K,P and Sr were identified as minor components.When calcined eggshell was applied in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals,a complete removal of Cd as well as above 99% removal of Cr was observed after 10 min. Although the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cd and Cr,a complete removal was not accomplished even after 60 min due to quite slower removal rate.However,in contrast to Cd and Cr,an efficient removal of Pb was observed with the natural eggshell rather than the calcined eggshell.From the application of the calcined eggshell in the treatment of real electroplating wastewater, the calcined eggshell showed a promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as had a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater.     

污水污泥中重金属的细菌淋滤效果研究

通过驯化分离和加富培养源自污泥自身的氧化亚铁硫杆菌，采用序批式试验，初步研究了其对污泥中重金属生物淋滤的效果。研究表明，污泥起始驯化阶段大约需要16天，随后采用选择性培养基对氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行2次共1周的分离与加富培养即可获得活性较高的硫杆菌菌液。采用此菌液对供试厌氧消化污泥中重金属进行生物淋滤，通过8天时间，污泥中Cu和Zn的去除率分别达93％和85％。     

Removal of heavy metals from artificial metals contaminated water samples based on micelle-templated silica modified with pyoverdin I

The micelle-templated silica (MTS) was firstly chemically modified with 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) before immobilized with pyoverdin I. The characteristics of pyoverdin I-anchored onto the modified MTS were investigated using fluorescence, infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy. The specific surface area of all materials was calculated by Bnmauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method using nitrogen isotherm adsorption data. As the results, the surface area of commercial silica gel decreased from 609.2 to 405.4 m2/g, it indicated that the pyoverdin I could be immobilized onto the surface of silica solid support. This adsorbent was used for extraction of Fe(Ⅲ), Cu(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ), and Pb(Ⅱ) in artificial metals contaminated water. Experimental conditions for effective adsorption of trace levels of metal ions were optimized with respect to different experimental parameters using batch procedure. The optimum pH value for the removal of metal ions simultaneously on this adsorbent was 4.0. Complete desorption of the adsorbed metal ions from the adsorbent was carded out using 0.25 mol/L of EDTA. The effcct of different cations and anions on the adsorption of these metals on adsorbent was studied and the results showed that the proposed adsorbent could be applied to the highly saline samples and the sample which contains some transition metals.     

Effects of acid deposition on corrosion of metals

This paper tries to analyse the principles of expressing the effect of acid deposition and general atmospheric pollution in the theory of atmospheric corrosion, with a special view to single metals, types of environment and to the progress states of the corrosion process. Deeper knowledge of the character of the deposits and their changes in the dynamic system, together with the need to describe better newly arising metal-environment system, lead to more sophisticated experimental methods and interpretations. The corrosivity classification system and methods of deriving atmospheric corrosivity are further discussed. The importance of ongoing international testing programs is mentioned.     

Removal of heavy metals through adsorption using sand

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生物氧化锰矿物对几种重金属的吸附作用

从土壤铁锰结核及其附近土壤中分离、培养并筛选到3株锰氧化细菌:芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)WH4和GY16,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)WHS26,应用这3个菌株大量合成了生物氧化锰.在此基础上,比较研究了这3个菌株催化合成的生物氧化锰与一种化学合成锰氧化物矿物(S-MnOx:Synthesized Mn oxide)对重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附特征.结果表明,3种生物氧化锰对重金属的吸附具有明显优势,其对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量约为S-MnO2的10～100倍;各种氧化锰对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且是一个快速吸附的过程;3种锰氧化物对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+3种重金属的最大吸附量与其比表面积呈正相关,吸附过程受pH影响,最适的pH范围为3～6.     

Chelation of heavy metals by potassium butyl dithiophosphate

Potassium butyl dithiophosphate (PBD) was developed and introduced as a new chelating agent for heavy metal removal. The synthesized PBD were characterized by IR and NMR. The e ects of pH, chelating agent dosage, and other heavy metal ions on the performance of PBD in Cd2+ removal from water are investigated. Experimental results showed that the chelating agent could be used to treat acidic heavy metal wastewater. The Cd2+ removal was not a ected by solution pH value within the range of 2 to 6. The Cd2+ removal rate could reach over 99%. Therefore, the deficiency of the precipitation process using hydroxide under alkaline condition can be overcome.Without the need for pH adjustment, the method could save on costs. If Cd2+ co-exists with Pb2+ and Cu2+, the a nity of the chelating agent with these three heavy metal ions was in the order of: Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+. Through PBD chelating precipitation, all the contents of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ in wastewater met the standard levels through a one-step treatment. The one-step treatment process was superior to the process (sectional treatment is required) of precipitation with hydroxide. When the pH was between 3 and 11, the amount of leached chelated Cd2+ was much lower than that obtained by precipitation with hydroxide. Therefore, the risk of environmental pollution could be further reduced.