环形粉末预制坯压制规律研究

研究了环形粉末预制坯压制过程中压力和密度变化规律。通过力学分析建立了环形粉末预制坯压制力学模型,导出了6种压制方式下压制力沿预制坯高度分布规律,建立了统一的压制力分布计算公式,并计算了环形粉末预制坯下端面的最小压制力。基于黄培云粉末压制理论,导出了环形粉末预制坯相对密度沿高度分布计算公式,以及环形粉末预制坯上下端面密度的比值。     

长轴类锻件模截面积的自动计算

在微机锻模CAD系统中,利用程序自生成技术提出了一种自动计算长轴类锻件横截面面积的新方法,并据此编制了AutoLISP程序。     

再谈粉末法测低对称晶胞参数的计算方法

前文已给出了计算低对称晶胞参数的结晶学与数学原理及其算法的一般程序。通过近几年对多种系列硅酸盐造岩矿物的计算实践,笔者又对所提方法作了某些改进。本文是对这一问题研究成果的小结。 关于过去的算法,一个基本的想法是,尽可能多地利用X光粉末图上可观测到的线来计算,因而采用了逐步扩大线条数目的修正指标化与加权最小二乘拟合修正参数交替迭代的方法。固然它在辉石、长石等系列矿物的计算中,曾经多次成功地实现了计算,但更多地实践表明,由于粉末图上出现的一些宽峰和弥散线很难通过修正指标化方法指定正确的指标,要是勉强利用这些线,反而会增大误差,从而常使这一算法所得结果还     

粉末图测低对称造岩矿物晶胞参数的计算方法

本文提出一个从粉末图测定低对称造岩矿物晶胞参数的计算方法。它适合以衍射仪,纪尼叶照相法,直径为57.mm的德拜照相法等各种方法所取得的粉末图。其方法实质上是加权最小二乘拟合与叠代修正指标化的技巧相结合的平滑过程。已编好两份Algol-6语言的程序,均在709机上调试通过,算出正确结果。对方法稍加简化,又得到了可以在台式电算机上进行手算的简化方案。用此法测定了单斜辉石、碱性长石、斜长石及三元长石的晶胞参数。精度在10~(-3)—5×10~(-4)之间(相对误差)。     

以印刷电路板废粉末料制取碱式碳酸铜的研究

印刷电路板废粉末料的资源化和无害化问题日益得到重视。以报废印刷电路板经机械粉碎和分选后的非金属粉(铜含量1%～5%)为原料,采用"氨浸—脱氨—干燥"的工艺制备碱式碳酸铜,设计了实验装置,考察了氨浸分离工艺条件,通过实验验证了其可靠性:铜的回收率达到98.8%以上,获得了纯度不小于98.0%的碱式碳酸铜,采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)﹑扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)方法对产品进行了分析和表征。     

粉末活性炭-接触氧化法在印染废水中的应用

本文介绍了粉末活性炭的基本结构和性质及其在废水处理中的应用,论述了粉末活性炭作为吸附剂投加于接触氧化池中的废水处理特点.并结合印染废水的水质特点,采用水解酸化 粉末活性炭-接触氧化法工艺进行试验.结果表明印染废水出水CODcr 365 mg/L,SS 290 mg/L,色度80,pH 7～8,基本达到三级排放标准.     

地质样品中27项元素的粉末压片法x射线荧光光谱测定

本文报导了用x射线荧光光谱法—次粉末压片制样同时测定Na. Mg. Al. Si.P. S. K. Ca. Ti. V. Cr. Mn. Fe. Co. Ni. Cu. Zn. Rb. Sr. Y. Zr. Nb. Ba. Hf. Pb. Th. U等27项元素的快速分析方法。从理论上提出了新的基体效应学校正模式,首次引入了非荧光分析的物质(筒称NFAM)的新概念;并计算了理论α系数,使理论α系数在粉末压片法x射线荧光分析中获得了应用。本方法测定的对象可以是岩石,土壤和水系沉积物等地质样品。     

微机在栓接板面抗滑移系数试验中的应用

在微机数据库管理系统中,运行一自编程序,进行试验数据的处理及试验报告的自动打印.使用该程序处理试验数据,不仅速度快,而且内容准确、规范,可大大地提高工作效率.     

粉末活性炭预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

研究了粉末活性炭预处理对改善超滤膜过滤通量的效果.试验采用了4种具有不同亲疏水性的水样,着重探讨粉末活性炭对有机物的疏水性和亲水性组分的去除效果以及所带来的通量改善.试验结果表明,对于4种水样,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,通量下降严重.虽然粉末活性炭预处理能在一定程度上提高通量,但通量下降的趋势仍未改善.对有机物各组分的分析表明,直接过滤原水时,膜主要截留疏水性有机物;粉末炭吸附主要去除亲水性有机物,而超滤膜过滤粉末炭处理水时,主要截留疏水性有机物.由此,超滤膜的通量下降主要是由疏水性有机物引起的,亲水性组分对通量的影响较小.     

四川盆地沉积岩矿复杂矿物定名微机处理程序

岩石化学成分计算及矿物定名是一项复杂的劳动 ,过去都是手工计算 ,劳动强度大 ,准确率低。为了解决这一问题 ,利用Basic语言编写了RNCAC微机处理程序 ,对四川盆地沉积岩成分进行了计算 ,并对复杂矿物进行了定名。经手工检验 ,该程序计算准确率高 ,计算迅速 ,可以有效提高工作效率 ,减轻劳动强度。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.