城市隧道开挖爆破对古城墙的安全影响研究

南京九华山隧道工程,在城市中建设,周边环境要求高,穿越明代古城墙施工段面临如何确保古城墙安全的问题,是施工的难点之一。通过计算分析确定隧道开挖爆破震动对明古城墙的影响范围,详细介绍了控制围岩沉降、控制爆破振动效应等确保古城墙安全所采用的技术措施;通过所进行的监测工作,证明了所采用技术措施的有效性。对城市隧道工程建设中的环境保护问题具有重要的应用价值。     

交叉隧道在不同夹层土体厚度下的地震响应分析

基于FLAC3D软件,采用数值模拟的方法,对在不同夹层土体厚度及不同峰值加速度情况下,交叉隧道的地震动力响应进行研究,得出了交叉隧道结构的地震动力响应规律。结果表明:上层隧道的相对水平位移差明显大于下层隧道的相对水平位移差。上层隧道地震应力反应大于下层隧道的地震应力反应。随着夹层土体厚度的增大,衬砌结构的加速度、位移和应力略有变化但总体变化不大,并得出0.5 D～2 D(D为隧道外径)的厚度为较理想的夹层土体厚度,此时加速度、位移和应力总体较其它偏于安全。此结论为穿越既有隧道的交叉隧道工程选线和穿越深度提供重要的理论参考依据。     

桔柑隧道进口段塌方原因分析与处理措施

通过对桔柑隧道进口浅埋段塌方前掌子面的状态与前期施工工序的追溯,详细分析了隧道塌方前出现的各种征兆,并对其塌方机理进行了分析与计算,提出了较为有效的解决初喷混凝土在涌水量较大的情况下与岩壁的结合问题,以及如何选择隧道开挖方式、对大断面铁路隧道穿越浅埋段的处理方案,并最终成功穿越该段,为类似工程提供了借鉴。     

基于AHP-云模型的隧道断层破碎带施工风险评价

断层破碎带是隧道施工过程中常见的不良地质条件，易引发隧道围岩坍塌失稳灾害。为避免施工人员与设备的损失，将隧道穿越断层破碎带施工风险划分为4个等级，建立了工程地质条件、水文地质条件和设计与施工技术3个一级评价指标和12个二级评价指标体系以及分级标准；通过对评价指标进行标准化处理，构建了基于层次分析(AHP)-云模型的穿越断层破碎带隧道施工风险评价模型；将该模型应用于福建省平潭及闽江口水资源配置工程，对大樟溪-东张水库隧道施工风险进行评价。结果表明：该隧道穿越断层破碎带区域的施工风险综合评价云图中，云滴大部分处于“中高风险”,少部分处于“低风险”,说明该区域隧道施工风险处于较高风险等级；现场隧道施工灾害发生情况与模型风险评价结果基本一致，证明了该模型的可靠性和有效性。     

隧道安全事故分析与安全施工措施探讨

全面分析隧道安全事故并根据事故原因提出相应的安全施工措施，对于隧道施工企业营造企业安全文化，提高企业管理水平，具有重要的现实意义。本文根据多年的施工管理经验，分析了隧道施工过程中常见的安全事故，提出了隧道安全施工的措施。     

浅谈油气管道钻爆隧道工程安全管理

<正>由于隧道穿越具有减少地表植被破坏、减小管道敷设施工难度、降低地质灾害对管道的影响和破坏、利于后期运营管理和维护等优点,油气管道采用隧道工程穿越山体、河流的做法在近几年逐步被建设单位广泛认可和采用。但隧道工程具有地质情况复杂、作业空间狭窄、作业风险性高等特点,一旦管理不善,施工过程中极易发生事故。为此,必须建立严格的安全管理制度和有效的安全处置措施,才能防患于未然。     

通省隧道变质软岩变形破坏灾变因子及其权重研究

通省隧道主要穿越的地层为元古界武当群片岩,属于变质软岩,施工中多次出现围岩大变形与垮塌,严重影响了正常施工.本文从地质调查、室内试验、监控量测等方面,采用X射线粉晶衍射矿物成分分析、物理力学试验、现场测量等手段,分析了通省隧道变质软岩的变形破坏特征,重点研究了变质软岩变形破坏的孕灾环境及灾变因子,并通过AHP层次分析法确定了各灾变因子的权重,以为采取针对性的防治措施提供依据.     

复杂地质条件下高寒山区超长公路隧道总体建设方案研究

天山隧道为我国最长的高寒山区公路隧道,其地质条件极其复杂,且国内缺少建设此类隧道的经验。针对该隧道的线位方案、断面布置、洞口位置和路面结构型式四个方面,通过文献调研、理论分析,开展了全面、系统的对比研究工作,确定了安全、经济、合理的总体建设方案,即:选取K线方案作为隧道越岭线路方案,其纵坡采取0.9%/16 800/2 810.87与-0.5%/4 860/2 937.77的组合;采用两主洞加服务隧道的断面布置方案;选取合理的隧道洞口位置,并针对洞口出现的工程地质问题,提出了相应的防治措施;对比和分析了沥青路面与水泥路面的优缺点,并建议采用水泥路面作为隧道路面结构型式。该总体建设方案对高寒山区类似超长公路隧道的快速施工、运营管理、建设工期控制等具有重要的指导意义。     

地铁盾构隧道下穿铁路箱涵桥变形响应研究

随着城市轨道交通网络的进一步发展,大量的地铁盾构隧道临近甚至紧贴铁路箱涵桥建设。本文以北京地铁某典型区间隧道下穿铁路箱涵桥工程为例,应用数值模拟的方法,对盾构隧道下穿铁路箱涵桥的变形响应进行了研究,着重分析了注浆加固效果及沉降缝两侧的变形机理。研究结果表明:(1)盾构隧道下穿铁路箱涵桥过程中,沉降监测点产生影响的纵向水平区间约为监测点前3D(D为盾构隧道直径)至监测点后3D;(2)盾构隧道下穿铁路箱涵桥过程中,沉降缝两侧箱涵会出现较大差异沉降,易对桥体上方列车的运营安全造成影响;(3)盾构隧道穿越铁路箱涵桥前,对盾构隧道拱顶进行注浆预加固,可在一定程度上控制桥体沉降及沉降缝两侧差异沉降。     

某定向钻工程中泥浆的配制及注意事项

介绍了某定向钻工程中黏土层、细砂中砂层、粉砂合砾地层泥浆的配制工艺及斜孔段、水平孔段、扩孔段、回拖段施工过程泥浆性能的调整方法。简述了该穿越工程泥浆的混配、回收及处理应注意的若干事项。实践表明,该水平定向钻穿越工程施工质量较好,其安全与环保工作也较为理想。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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