西部湿地资源现状、问题及可持续发展研究——以四川省若尔盖高原湿地为例

湿地是水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,合理的开发利用将对西部开发中的生态环境建设直到巨大的作用。本文主要介绍我国西部湿地资源的基本情况、利用现状及存在问题,并以四川省若尔盖地区为例提出了西部湿地资源保护和可持续利用的科学对策。     

若尔盖高原可持续发展制约因素浅析

若尔盖谪原包括四川省境内黄河流域区的全部范围，与相邻的甘肃省玛曲沼泽湿地共同成为黄河重要水源涵养地。本文从自然、经济、社会及政策等方面，对若尔盖高原可持续发展的制约因素加以分析，并提出了一些对策和建议。     

加强江河源湿地生态系统的保护和建设

简述了江河源区湿地的特殊作用和湿地生态系统区域性退化造成的生态环境问题,分析了湿地区域性退化的主要原因,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

湿润区与干旱区典型湖泊湿地对比案例研究

选取东部湿润区与西北干早区典型湖泊湿地--洞庭湖湿地与艾比湖湿地,对其湿地资源特征、湿地生态服务功能及价值、湿地退化的表征和退化湿地生态恢复对策等方面进行了比较研究.通过研究发现,湿润区湖泊湿地资源禀赋优于干早区湖泊湿地,湿润区湖泊湿地与干旱区湖泊湿地均具有较强的生态服务功能和较高的价值,在湿地退化表征方面有共性也有差异,针对不同气候区域的退化湖泊湿地应采取不同的恢复对策.     

鸭子河湿地的生态健康评价与恢复研究

从湿地现状、服务功能和外环境影响3方面构建了城镇区域内湿地生态健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）和模糊综合评价法,对广汉鸭子河湿地这一城镇区域内河滩型湿地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明,在广汉市城市化进程中,该湿地的生态系统受到了一定程度的影响,就总体而言,湿地生态系统结构完整,基本功能依然具备,但栖息地功能有一定的退化,在整体上属于亚健康状态。根据评价结果及退化成因分析,提出了相应的恢复措施,对广汉市城市化进程中鸭子河湿地的保护提供了重要的决策依据,对同类型的湿地保护具有指导意义和借鉴价值。     

盘锦温地保护、恢复与永续利用研究

随着盘锦地区经济的发展和人口的增加,盘锦湿地出现不同程度的退化,主要表现在湿地淡水的短缺,植被的退化;湿地面积减少和湿地受到污染;人类对湿地认识不足,出现人与鸟争食等现象。为了更好地保护湿地,以保持湿地生态系统的完整性、连续性、生物多样性、生态功能性、永续利用性和景区特色性为理念,对盘锦湿地进行保护与规划。     

东洞庭湖世界涉危鸟类多样性的分析研究

为了探讨湿地自然保护区综合措施的实施对鸟类多类性的影响,本文分析比较了东洞庭湖自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,在1992-1996年间世界濒危鸟类多样性的动态变化。自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,尽管对洞庭湖湿地及其内栖息的生物采取了诸多保护措施,但仍发现世界濒危鸟类多样性的值并未如人们所期望迅速有所回升,而是呈弱递减趋势。东洞庭湖湿地的世界濒危鸟类多样性大小状况为:1992-1993>1993-1994>1994-1995>1995-1996。因为湿地环境的客观改善勿容质疑,为此得出结论:鸟类多样性的恢复存在滞缓期。并且作者对退化湿地生态系统的恢复途径进行了讨论,提出合理化建议:(1)应该根据湿地演替的规律进行认为辅助演替。(2)保证湿地环境的稳定性,增加净生产力,使鸟类的基础饵料丰富充足。     

有牧民的地方就要有草原

正我是一个藏族人,来自四川若尔盖。我在家乡做草原沙化治理十多年了,慢慢地发现,草原、牛羊、牧民是离不开的,这是一个大的生态系统。若尔盖是全中国最大的高原沼泽湿地,黄河水的30%来自若尔盖湿地。记忆中的若尔盖实在令人着迷。牧民的孩子在马背上长大,从小放牧。可年纪那么小,家乡的山山水水,我怎么知道?小时候放羊,爸爸跟我讲,今天我们家的牛丢了,有可能在冬季草场,你去找回来。怎么找呢?他比画着跟我讲,你这样走的时候,这里有一块沼泽地,这边有条河,过这条河时候你必须要找到不太深的地方;还有那边有一户,他们家的狗特别厉害,你得绕着走。我根据爸爸比画的地图,脑子里面反复想着,然后骑着马就这样寻找,找到牛羊的时候,我特     

四川湿地资源及其可持续性保护

对四川湿地资源现状、特点、功能或作用以及面临的威胁作出初步探讨，并提出了实施可持续性保护对策。     

基于SEBAL模型的若尔盖高原蒸散量时空变化

基于SEBAL模型,利用气象观测资料及MODIS卫星产品数据,估算出2001～2017年若尔盖高原空间分辨率1km的蒸散量,并分析了若尔盖高原蒸散量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)利用SEBAL模型能较好地模拟出若尔盖高原区域的蒸散量,与实测数据的相关系数介于0.53～0.75之间,计算误差小于35%;(2)从时间变化上看,2001～2017年若尔盖高原单位面积年均蒸散量介于546.32～627.37mm之间,并呈波动上升趋势,若尔盖高原97.20%面积的蒸散量为轻微增加等级;(3)从空间上看,若尔盖高原单位面积年均蒸散量总体上呈现出从西北向东南逐渐增加趋势;(4)若尔盖高原不同植被类型(草地、林地和湿地)的蒸散量具有差异,17年平均蒸散量表现为湿地(598.17mm)草地(587.46mm)林地(549.83mm)。研究结果为揭示若尔盖高原气候变化和水循环过程提供了参考。     

我国湿地保护的存在问题及法律对策

湿地是重要的自然资源之一,保护湿地对于生态环境有着极其重要的作用,然而湿地的法律保护在我国却是一个薄弱环节。本文论述了我国湿地保护中存在的若干问题,并提出具体的法律对策——制定《湿地保护法》。     

油气管道穿越西北干旱区湿地的环境保护

加强对西北干旱区湿地的保护,对整个地区的环境改善具有重要的意义。通过对西北油气产业发展的前景和当地湿地的特点与现状进行了分析,提出油气管网穿越湿地时应采取的环境保护措施、生态恢复方法。提出了湿地穿越工程应遵循的基本环境保护原则和相关建议。     

吴忠黄河公路大桥建设对滨河湿地的影响及保护措施研究

跨河大桥的建设对社会和经济的发展具有促进作用，但同时也会影响环境。正在建设的吴忠黄河公路大桥穿越吴忠滨河湿地，会对湿地的生态环境产生影响。文章介绍了吴忠黄河公路大桥和滨河湿地的基本概况，分析了大桥建设和营运对滨河湿地环境的影响，并提出了滨河湿地生态环境保护措施。     

Wise Use of Wetlands: Current State of Protection and Utilization of Chinese Wetlands and Recommendations for Improvement

Wetland protection and utilization sometimes appear to be in conflict, but promoting the wise use of wetlands can solve this problem. All countries face the challenge of sustainable development of wetlands to a greater or lesser extent, but the problem is especially urgent in developing countries, such as China, that want to accelerate their economic development without excessive environmental cost. Chinese wetlands contribute greatly to economic development, but improper use of these natural resources has endangered their existence. It is thus necessary to provide scientific guidance to managers and users of wetlands. In this paper, we analyze the present status of Chinese wetland protection and utilization, and discuss problems in six categories: a lack of public awareness of the need for wetland protection; insufficient funding for wetland protection and management; an imperfect legal system to protect wetlands; insufficient wetland research; lack of coordination among agencies and unclear responsibilities; and undeveloped technologies related to wetland use and protection. The wise use of Chinese wetlands will require improvements in four main areas: increased wetland utilization research, scientific management of wetland utilization, improved laws and regulations to protect wetlands, and wider dissemination of wetland knowledge. Based on these categories, we propose a framework for the optimization of wetland use by industry to provide guidance for China and other countries that cannot sacrifice economic benefits to protect their wetlands.     

黑河流域湿地保护现状及对策建议

黑河是我国第二大内陆河,流域内湖泊、沼泽遍布,湿地资源丰富。多年来人们对黑河环境的重要性认识不足,导致植被退化、水位下降、土地盐渍化,影响湿地资源的永续利用,制约当地经济社会可持续发展。鉴于此,建立了黑河湿地国家级自然保护区,实施湿地保护与恢复和污染治理工程,增强退耕还林(草)、退地还湿、防沙治沙力度,探索和运用生态补偿机制。     

WETLAND BOUNDARIES IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINEATION1

Wetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case-by-case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida - dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.     

艾比湖湿地生态效应能值评价

湿地是地球上具有多功能的独特生态系统,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。内陆干旱区的湿地则因其所处地理环境的特殊性更具有巨大保护价值。艾比湖湿地在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有一定典型性。其生态系统极不稳定,具有很强的敏感性和脆弱性。人类社会经济的迅猛发展,引起一系列以土地荒漠化为代表的生态逆向演替,严重的水土流失和锐减的生物多样性使其不可更新资源的能值投入远远超过其可更新资源,同时,肆虐的盐尘严重危害着天山北坡经济带甚至更远地区工、农、牧业生产和人们的生活环境。从能值角度评价环境的贡献,注重其生态效应,以期引起人们警醒,加强湿地资源的保护和管理,维护其可持续发展。     

Use of wetlands for water quality improvement under the USEPA Region V Clean Lakes Program

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region V Clean Lakes Program employs artificial and modified natural wetlands in an effort to improve the water quality of selected lakes. We examined use of wetlands at seven lake sites and evaluated the physical and institutional means by which wetland projects are implemented and managed, relative to USEPA program goals and expert recommendations on the use of wetlands for water quality improvement. Management practices recommended by wetlands experts addressed water level and retention, sheet flow, nutrient removal, chemical treatment, ecological and effectiveness monitoring, and resource enhancement. Institutional characteristics recommended included local monitoring, regulation, and enforcement and shared responsibilities among jurisdictions. Institutional and ecological objectives of the National Clean Lakes Program were met to some degree at every site. Social objectives were achieved to a lesser extent. Wetland protection mechanisms and appropriate institutional decentralization were present at all sites. Optimal management techniques were employed to varying degrees at each site, but most projects lack adequate monitoring to determine adverse ecological impacts and effectiveness of pollutant removal and do not extensively address needs for recreation and wildlife habitat. There is evidence that the wetland projects are contributing to improved lake water quality; however, more emphasis needs to be placed on wetland protection and long-term project evaluation.