水耕植物过滤法净水系统底泥硝化反硝化潜力

通过测定水耕植物过滤法(Hydroponic Bio-filter Method,HBFM)水质净化系统中底泥的硝化、反硝化潜力以及底泥中亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌密度,定量研究了该系统底泥的硝化及反硝化潜力沿水流方向的变化规律.结果表明,中游底泥硝化潜力最大,为4.76×10^-6 g/(g·h);上游底泥反硝化潜力最大,为8.1×10^-7 g/(g·h);底泥中亚硝酸菌的密度分布与硝化潜力的分布一致.结果还表明,提高HBFM系统氮去除能力的关键在于改变硝化反硝化区域分布,从而提高系统的反硝化能力.     

海菜花-螺蛳经济湿地对农田低污染水的净化

为研究海菜花水培经济湿地对农田低污染水的净化效能及投放螺蛳对水体净化的影响,在进水ρ(TN)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(TP)分别为(5.08±0.14)、(4.71±0.15)、(0.10±0.03)mg/L条件下,构建了无螺组(海菜花湿地)、有螺组(海菜花-螺蛳经济湿地)和空白组(无海菜花和螺蛳湿地)3种湿地,对比不同HRT(水力停留时间)对水质处理效果的影响,并考察了其经济效益. 结果表明:①HRT为7 d时,无螺组对TN、NO₃--N和TP的去除率分别为55.6%±5.8%、62.6%±5.8%和76.3%±4.8%,有螺组分别为50.8%±5.5%、61.2%±6.3%和75.5%±3.9%;HRT为42 d时的污染物去除率与HRT为28 d时相当,并且有螺组和无螺组也相当,对TN、NO₃--N和TP的去除率分别在76.8%、92.4%和84.8%以上. ②HRT为7和42 d时,投放螺蛳对N、P的去除均表现为抑制作用;HRT为7 d时有螺组浊度显著降低(P<0.05). ③HRT为7 d时,有螺组和无螺组对TN、TP的处理量均在800和228 kg/(hm2·a)以上,显著高于HRT为42 d〔141、46 kg/(hm2·a)〕时. ④HRT为7 d的有螺组经济效益最高,为20.3×104元/(hm2·a),其中海菜花收益为15.4×104元/(hm2·a),投加螺蛳增加经济效益为4.9×104元/(hm2·a). 综合考虑对农田低污染水的净化效能和经济效益,优选HRT为7 d的海菜花-螺蛳经济湿地处理农田低污染水.      

武汉东湖底栖藻类对磷的滞留作用

测定了底栖藻类在武汉东湖沿岸带人工基质上建群时的生物量和藻垫中不同组分的磷含量,结果显示,建群期间底栖藻类的生物量(叶绿素a和无灰干质)与总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量显著相关.建群早期藻垫中总磷的含量随底栖藻类生物量的缓慢增加而增加,随着以绿藻占优势的底栖藻类群落的发展,生物量呈指数级增加,藻垫的总磷含量也快速增加,两者同时在第28d达到最高峰值(Chl a=54.51μg·cm-2;TP=96.7μg·cm-2).单位生物量的藻垫对磷的滞留作用(TP/Chl a)随着底栖藻类生物量的积累而增强(最高达2.43 μg·μg-1).藻垫中钙磷、铁磷的百分含量相对较高,两者之和接近总磷的80%.除藻类细胞和藻垫中的其它生物含磷外,藻垫负荷的磷还可能来自底栖藻类光合作用所导致的金属磷的沉积、藻垫对水体中颗粒态磷的过滤和对底泥中释放磷的截留.     

处理低污染河水的湿地内氮迁移转化过程模拟

为了明确以低污染河水为原水的人工湿地中的主要脱氮机制以及氮素的归趋形式,以洱海流域邓北桥湿地工程为研究对象,根据湿地内发生的生物反应、物理吸附以及沉淀等过程,建立了生态动力学模型,模拟湿地中氮素的迁移转化. 结果显示,所建模型能较好地模拟出水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(ON)(ON为有机氮)的变化趋势,效率系数(R)分别为50.2%、67.6%、81.2%. 通过对湿地氮素迁移转化与去除量的模拟结果分析,确定了湿地除氮的主要机制为硝化、反硝化、植物吸收. 反硝化作用可以去除进水中50.0%的TN,植物吸收可以去除进水中11.0%的TN,底泥则可以吸附进水中3.5%的TN. 模拟得到硝化速率平均值、反硝化速率平均值、植物吸收氮速率平均值分别为0.234、0.438、0.050 g/(m3·d).      

处理低污染水的复合人工湿地脱氮过程

为了解人工湿地处理低污染水的脱氮过程,以洱海流域邓北桥湿地为例,采用水质分析、细菌数量分析与硝化/反硝化强度分析相结合的方法,研究了复合型人工湿地处理低污染河水过程中的氮转化过程及污染物去除效果. 结果表明:在氧化塘-表流湿地-潜流湿地-表流湿地的复合型人工湿地中,ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TN)呈逐级降低的趋势,NH₃-N和TN的平均去除率分别可达53.24%和48.21%. 氧化塘和表流湿地的硝化强度显著高于潜流湿地,二级表流湿地中硝酸菌数量和表层硝化强度均为各工艺单元中最高的,分别为93.00×105g-1和8.42×102mg/(m3·h);潜流湿地中ρ(DO)较低,其反硝化作用强度为各单元最高的,其中表层反硝化强度为32.70×102mg/(m3·h),深层反硝化强度为32.09×102mg/(m3·h). 该复合型人工湿地中反硝化的主要单元为潜流湿地.      

底泥疏浚对竺山湖底栖生物群落结构变化及水质影响

结合2008年年底在竺山湖进行的底泥清淤工程,调查了底泥疏浚6个月后对大型底栖动物的群落结构的影响及水质变化.结果表明,疏浚区和未疏浚区底栖动物均以霍普水丝蚓、摇蚊和铜锈环棱螺3种生物为主;同未疏浚区相比,疏浚后生物多样性降低,但生物量增加.受外源污染影响,上覆水体中TN、TP含量变化幅度分别为1.64～4.45mg/L和0.133～0.258mg/L,较高的水体营养盐含量,使得疏浚后的新生底泥仍处于营养盐较高的状态,从而使得底栖动物群落组成以生活于污染较重的物种为主.采用Shannon-Weaver、Simpson和Goodnight指数对底栖生物进行评价,结果表明疏浚区处于中度污染,未疏浚区处于中-重度污染状态.结合底栖动物调查和水质监测结果,只有在严格控制外源污染对水体的影响后,底泥疏浚才能起到应有的作用.     

植物吸收在人工湿地脱氮除磷中的贡献

通过研究人工湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收能力,评价植物吸收在人工湿地脱氮除磷方面的贡献. 结果表明,不同湿地植物其组织中w(TN)和w(TP)差异极显著,湿地植物对TN和TP的吸收量分别为6.1～94.0和0.5～9.0 g/(m2·a). 按全年衡算,湿地植物对TN和TP的吸收量分别占人工湿地TN和TP去除量的0.6%～17.3%和1.4%～41.2%. 但由于湿地植物吸收的TN和TP中有相当一部分是储存在湿地植物的地下部,通过收获植物地上部的TN和TP吸收量仅占人工湿地TN和TP去除量的0.3%～14.1%和0.8%～19.6%. 由此可见,湿地植物的直接吸收在人工湿地系统氮、磷去除中不占重要地位,人工湿地植物的选择和利用应该更注重其间接生态效应的发挥.      

序批式膜反应器同步硝化和反硝化的特性

为提高污水生物脱氮处理的效率和减少外加碳源,研究了序批式膜反应器(SBBR)在有氧情况下处理生活污水中同步硝化和反硝化的特性.试验表明,原水TN为80～110mg/L和溶解氧浓度为0.8～4.0mg/L情况下,出水TN小于15mg/L,NH₃^-N去除率达100%,TN去除率54%～77%,NH₃^-N容积负荷率为47～94mg/(L·d),TN容积负荷率为56～113mg/(L·d).TN的变化规律为在NH₃^-N降到零或最小之前,TN持续降低之后,TN有短时的上升后再缓慢降低.在较大的溶解氧浓度范围内,SBBR具有同步硝化和反硝化的能力,建议将NH₃^-N降解到零或最小值的时刻,作为同步硝化和反硝化的结束点.     

A/O生物脱氮工艺的反硝化动力学试验

通过SBR反应器间歇试验,研究了投加外碳源后系统的反硝化潜力和反硝化速率的变化.结果表明,向原有淀粉废水中投加外碳源乙醇废液后,可以明显提高系统的反硝化速率和反硝化潜力,反硝化速率由0.74mg/(g·h)增加到2.11mg/(g·h),反硝化潜力由5.6mg/L增加到16.2mg/L.脉冲投加淀粉废水进行缺氧反硝化间歇试验,可以获得系统污泥动力学信息,确定原水的反硝化潜力,并可估计城市污水处理厂的总反硝化潜力,因此可以预测获得最小出水硝酸氮浓度的控制策略.相对于COD/N,如果确定了系统反硝化潜力和污水水质能获得更多信息.     

不同植物与水力负荷对人工湿地脱氮除磷的影响

通过6种湿地植物的表流 (SF) 和潜流(SSF)人工湿地对比实验,分析了不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地去除率随水力负荷(HL)变化的规律,得到了6种不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地的最优HL、最优去除率.实验结果表明:6种植物的SF和SSF人工湿地对TP、TN去除率随HL的增加而降低,且植物不同,去除率降低趋势不同,且SSF人工湿地去除率降低值比SF小.SF人工湿地TP、TN去除率比SSF低,且TP去除率比TN大.SF人工湿地中水葱对TP、TN去除率降低最大,水芹菜对TP去除率降低最小,美人蕉对TN去除率降低最小;SSF人工湿地中美人蕉对TP去除率降低最大,水芹菜最小对TP去除率降低最小.芦苇对TN 去除率降低最大,水葫芦对TN去除率降低最小.6种植物SF人工湿地去除TP和TN的平均最优HL分别为0.53,0.47t/(m2×d);SSF人工湿地去除TP、TN平均最优HL分别为0.68,0.44t/(m2×d).     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.