城市生活垃圾的DSC和TGA分析与热值估算

利用微分扫描量热仪（ＤＳＣ）准确地测定了城市生活垃圾的含水率；热重分析仪（ＴＧＡ）测定了垃圾的水和低温下有机物总含量、难挥发性有机物和灼烧残渣的含量。根据量热和热量分析结果，可方便地计算垃圾的水和低温条件下易挥发性有机物含量，结合６０９种有机物的燃烧热，估算了垃圾的热值。     

不同理论方程模拟华南桉树人工林蒸散量的比较

森林生态系统蒸散作为生态系统中的重要生态过程,联系着生态系统的水分平衡和能量平衡,并与养分循环密切相关.以雷州半岛桉树人工林纪家、河头林场为研究样地,在样地调查的基础上,对林地有关气象因子、土壤水文生态因子作了近4 a的定位观测.选取TURC公式、Penman-Monteith方程(PM)和周国逸公式作为代表,三者分别以温度为指标、以辐射与能量转换为驱动因子和以物理过程为主导的蒸散量理论计算方法.并将理论计算结果同水量平衡法估算结果进行比较.结果表明,尽管各种计算方法的结果均存在一定的波动性,但是其波动的原因是不一样的.对于PM方程而言,结果对所选参数有一定的依赖性.对于周国逸公式来说,在计算较小时间尺度(≤1 a)蒸散量时可能会出现一定的波动,波动的原因可能在于参数的时间尺度匹配问题.对于TURC公式,计算结果波动的根本原因在于其公式的经验局限性.理论计算值同水量平衡估算结果比较说明,三者均可以在一定程度上反映系统的年蒸散量.比较而言,周国逸公式计算结果的波动性范围较小,较适用于热带、亚热带森林生态系统蒸散量的计算.     

城市雨水口垃圾污染调查与研究

雨水口既是城市排水管系汇集雨水径流的瓶颈，又是城市非点源污染物进入水环境的首要通道，一旦被垃圾充塞，不仅导致排水不畅甚至水涝，还会对城市水体造成严重的污染。从对北京城区雨水口垃圾的抽样调查分析，和对雨水口垃圾产生的污染模拟实验和量化计算，讨论了我国城市雨水口垃圾问题的严重性和实施有效控制的重要性。     

估算区域蒸发的能量法研究

本文介绍了有关估算区域尺度蒸发的模型研究.通过对我国分别为1878(?),318161,866559km~2的三个区域蒸发的估算,验证了Budyko能量模型的适用性.用该模型分别计算的三个区域蒸发结果与相应区域实测结果比较表明,Budyko的能量模型可以应用于我国不同气候条件和较大尺度区域蒸发的估算.本文对数据处理和区域选择也进行了研究.     

中国反刍动物甲烷排放量的初步估算及减缓技术

根据ＯＥＣＤ提供的反刍动物甲烷排放量计算方法，结合中国反刍动物能量供应的特点，初步估算了中国反刍动物甲烷排放量。反刍动物摄入总能量的６．９％～７．５％通过甲烷排放而损失掉，１９９０年甲烷排放量为５．８０Ｔｇ，约为全球动物排放量的７．２％。文中提出采取秸秆处理，舔砖和过瘤蛋白使用，改善管理等改进措施，不仅可以提高生产水平，也可减少甲烷排放量。     

中国反刍动物甲烷排放量的初步估算及减缓技术

根据ＯＥＣＤ提供的反刍动物甲烷排放量计算方法，结合中国反刍动物能量供应的特点，初步估算了中国反刍动物甲烷排放量。反刍动物摄入总能量的６．９％￣７．５％通过甲烷排放而损失掉，１９９０年甲烷排放量为５．８０Ｔｇ，约为全球动物排放量的７．２％。文中提出采取秸秆处理，舔砖和过瘤蛋白使用，改善管理等改进措施，不仅可以提高生产水平，也可减少甲烷排放量。     

广州市酸沉降对材料破坏的经济损失估算

大气中的酸性物质对材料的破坏是酸沉降经济损失中的重要部分。简要说明了材料损失的计算方法,并以2001年为基准年,选择了广州市作为代表性城市,运用材料损伤函数和材料使用寿命公式对建筑材料及自行车的经济损失进行了估算,使酸沉降的破坏作用达到定量化。     

洛阳市城市生活垃圾成份分析

对洛阳市城市生活垃圾按季节进行了分类，分析了垃圾中碳、硫、挥发分、灰分及水分的含量，测定了垃圾发热量及部分化学元素的含量，为城市生活垃圾的处理提供了科学数据。     

三峡工程生活垃圾处理研究

本文对三峡工程生活垃圾的处理进行了研究。根据其生活垃圾的特征其生活垃圾宜采用卫生填埋处理。通过对场址防渗方案的比较采用帷幕灌浆可满足的防渗要求。填埋场废气估算说明废气利用价值低。垃圾渗滤液经过ＵＡＳＢ和好氧塘处理后达标排放。填埋场运行时还应加强场地监测和安全管理。     

城市垃圾焚烧发电系统热平衡分析与优化方案

以城市垃圾焚烧过程的热工计算为基础，深入研究了热平衡分析与能量回收之间的关系。针对国内在垃圾焚烧发电领域存在的主要问题，提出了传统工艺的优化方案，并对我国城市垃圾焚烧发电的能量回收利用前景进行了预测分析。     

Ecofriendly approach of urban solid waste management: a case study of Jalgaon city, Maharashtra

In India, the traditional methods are used for urban solid waste management. These practices are associated with degradation of the urban environment Hence, an environmentally sound garbage management system is required for the urban waste management. The concept of waste minimization needs to be adopted in such systems. It is possible to implement certain corrective measures at collection, storage, transport and disposal of urban solid waste to minimize the adverse impacts on the environment The present investigations are emphasized on generation, characterzation and ecofriendly disposal of solid waste generated in Jalgaon city, Maharashtra. In the present study the waste generation at source was studied in the various income groups of the city. The per capita waste generation was studied by sampling the waste directly from the source of generation. The study reveals that the waste generation is large in the high-income group followed by middle and low-income group public. Further the physicochemical characterization of the waste was also studied. The data generated will help to develop environmentally sound and economically feasible solid waste management system for Ihe city.     

Task partitioning, division of labour and nest compartmentalisation collectively isolate hazardous waste in the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes

We studied the organisation of garbage disposal and management in the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes. The nest of this species has an internal garbage heap to which waste from the fungus garden is taken. The transport of waste from the fungus gardens to the garbage heaps is an example of task partitioning. Ninety-four percent of the garbage loads transferred from the fungus garden to the garbage heap were transferred indirectly via a caching site just outside the garbage heap entrance. A further 3% were transferred directly from a fungus garden worker to a garbage heap worker, again just outside the heap entrance. Only 3% were taken directly to the garbage heap without task partitioning. This is the first described example of task partitioning in insect societies for work other than foraging and the first example of task partitioning occurring entirely within the nest. Furthermore, there is a strong division of labour between the fungus garden workers and the garbage heap workers, with garbage workers hardly ever leaving the heap. Division of labour is reinforced by aggressive behaviour directed towards workers contaminated with garbage. This pattern of work organisation minimises contact between garbage heap workers, who are probably contaminated with pathogens hazardous to both the ants and their symbiotic fungus, and both fungus garden workers and the fungus garden. Task partitioning, division of labour (reinforced by aggression) and nest compartmentalisation act synergistically to isolate the hazardous garbage heap from the fungus gardens.     

固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中应用研究进展

恶臭污染物（Odor pollutants）是指一切刺激嗅觉器官引起人们不愉快感觉以及损害生活环境的恶臭气味物质的统称。文章首先简要地介绍了大气中恶臭污染物的来源、分类以及危害等,指出大气恶臭污染物的主要来源主要包括农牧业来源、工业生产过程来源和城市垃圾处理恶臭污染来源等;其次,文章对能够处理大气恶臭污染物的反应器类型及其应用现状进行了系统的总结,提出能够应用于大气恶臭污染物处理的固定化微生物技术主要包括生物过滤池、生物滴滤塔和生物膜反应器等;同时着重综述了处理大气中恶臭污染物的影响因素,如底物、微生物、填料、微生物固定化方法、pH值和温度等因素对大气中恶臭污染物净化效率的影响,并且对固定化微生物技术生物转化与生物降解恶臭污染物的微观机理进行了一定的归纳与总结;最后还对固定化微生物技术在处理恶臭污染物方面的应用和未来发展趋势进行了展望,指出如果要真正实现固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中的工业化应用,今后还需要加强以下几个方面的研究工作：优势微生物菌剂的培育、固定化载体的开发与改良、固定微生物反应器的构建与优化和固定化微生物技术与其它单元技术的联用等。     

城市垃圾肥在锡矿尾砂库植被重建中的应用

在广西大厂矿区废弃的锡矿尾砂库上进行植被的重建试验。设对照组、垃圾肥处理组和覆土组,种植固氮植物银合欢(Leucaenaleucocephala)。100d时采样分析,垃圾肥处理组的银合欢生长状况最好,重金属从土壤到植物的迁移明显降低,说明在锡矿尾砂库植被重建中,可以利用垃圾肥替代土壤,银合欢可以作为锡矿尾砂库植被重建的先锋树种。     

Driving mechanism and boundary control of urban sprawl

Since the reform and opening-up, China’s economy has achieved remarkable development and so does the urbanization. However, there is an unavoidable contradiction between urban sprawl and the protection of arable land and the environment. By redefining the urban sprawl boundary, this paper is to provide a solution for the conflict above on the China’s urbanization context. The ideal boundary, moderate boundary and limit boundary are defined for urban sprawl in space. Taking Nanjing city as a case, the three urban sprawl boundaries are estimated in this paper based on the calculation of agricultural land resources value in Nanjing. The results show that 1) the integrated value of agricultural (cultivated) land resources in Nanjing is 1.55 × 10⁷ CNY·hm⁻², the economic value accounts for only 8.74% of the integrated value, while 91.26% of the integrated value has not revealed itself due to the existing institutional arrangements, policy distortions, and imperfect land market; 2) it is difficult to define the ideal and moderate boundaries due to the relatively low price of North Nanjing. In South Nanjing the land price is expensive and the ideal, moderate and limit boundaries are expanded to Jiangning, Qixia, and Yuhuatai; 3) the city scale of South Nanjing should be limited within 5.82 × 10⁴ hm², which is roughly the same as the designated size of 5.81 × 10⁴ hm² in the urban planning. It is suggested that the rational scope of urban expansion should be controlled within the moderate boundary.     

德国循环经济的发展经验及其对我国的可借鉴性分析

将德国循环经济的发展历程划分为废物末端处理、以循环为目的的废物减量化、废物减量化+无害化、废物减量化+无害化+资源化4个阶段进行论述,从中得出以消费促生产、创新组织模式以及依法推进等经验与启示,并结合我国目前循环经济发展在制度、技术与经济等方面存在的障碍,对这些经验与启示做出适用性分析。据此对我国循环经济的发展提出加强循环社会建设、建立废物处理中介组织、鼓励和扶持循环经济技术的开发和引进、加强立法和公众参与等建议。     

Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment in Xiamen city,China

Urban energy consumption is one of the most important causes of air pollution. Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment is of great significance to the promotion of urban environmental protection. This paper focuses on ecological risk in Xiamen city caused by air pollutant discharge from urban energy consumption. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning model was used to establish two scenarios of energy consumption in Xiamen city, and based on different scenarios, we estimated urban energy consumption and discharge quantity of air pollutant (DQAP). A box model and an expert scoring method were used to calculate the air pollution burden (APB) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and to obtain the probabilities of different air pollution loads. An ecological risk assessment model was developed and utilized to predict Xiamen city’s ecological risks in 2020. The results showed that under an energy-saving scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are high, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. Under a baseline scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are moderate, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. In addition, the APB of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and PM_2.5, but not of PM₁₀, is predicted to rise. In the simulation, energy generation from coal is the main source of air pollution. Although the DQAP from automobiles is not high, it is predicted to rise year-on-year. In summary, the ecological risk due to pollution in Xiamen city is high, and the main pollutants are SO₂, NO₂ and PM_2.5.     

Salience of law enforcement: A field experiment

We conduct a field experiment to examine whether the deterrent effect of law enforcement depends on the salience of law enforcement activity. Our focus is on illegal disposal of household garbage in residential areas. At a random subset of 56 locations in a mid-sized city, law enforcement officers supplemented their regular enforcement activities by the practice of putting brightly-colored warning labels on illegally disposed garbage bags. This treatment made the existing enforcement activities suddenly much more apparent to residents. We find evidence for a substantial reduction in illegal disposal of garbage in response to the treatment.     

土壤施加垃圾堆肥的允许负荷量

利用城市生活垃圾堆肥进行生菜、青菜、小麦三种作物的盆栽试验，并根据作物中金属元素Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ的含量，探讨了三种土壤施加垃圾堆肥的效果及允许负荷量，结果表明：土壤消纳垃圾肥的潜力很大，但不同土壤类型对垃圾肥的负荷量有明显差异。