香港环境教育中心——米埔自然保护区简介

1971年2月2日在伊朗拉姆萨尔达成的《拉姆萨尔湿地公约》，旨在保护及推广善用湿地，是国际上第一个针对一种特定生态系统的全球性公约。1992年7月31日中国正式加入该《湿地公约》，其后黑龙江扎龙、吉林向海、江西鄱阳湖、湖南东洞庭湖、青海鸟岛、海南东寨港等6个自然保护区列入《国际重要湿地名录》。1995年3月6日，米埔及后海湾内湾共1500公顷的湿地正式列为国际重要湿地。米埔自然保护区分5个区域：·核心区：主要为自然生境，不受任何人类干扰。·生物多样性管理区：该区严格管理，主要开展一些像生物多样性的保护、教育及培训活动。…     

重视外来有害生物的威胁

生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和可持续发展的物质基础。生物多样性保护已成为全球环境保护热点。自1933年世界第一个保护野生生物的现代国际公约《保护自然环境中动植物公约》问世以来,至今已签署约40个有关方面的公约。联合国环境规划署（UNEP）、全球环境基金（GEF）等国际组织都将其列为重大的环境问题和优先资助项目。我国政府也非常重视生物多样性保护工作。新中国成立后不久,就制定了有关的方针政策,采取了一系列措施来保护生物多样性,至今已先后签定或加入了《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》、《湿地公约》、《生物多样性公…     

环保知识

联合国环境署于1988年11月召开生物多样性特设专家工作组会议,探讨一项生物多样性国际公约的必要性。1989年5月建立了技术和法律特设专家工作组,拟订一个保护和可持续利用生物多样性的国际法律文书。到1991年2月,该特设工作组被称为政府间谈判委员会。1992年5月内罗毕会议通过了《生物多样性公约协议文本》,《公约》于1992年6月5日联合国环境与发展大会期间开放签宇,并于1993年12月29日生效。缔约国第一次会议1994年11月在巴哈马召开,会议建议12月29日即《公约》生效的日子为“国际生物多样性日”。1994年12月19日联合国大会第49/119号决议案宣布12月29日为国际生物多样性日。同时,联大敦促联合国秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任,从各个方面采取必要措施,以期确保国际生物多样性日活动的连续如期举行。     

湿地的生物多样性

2009年2月2日是第13个世界湿地日，其主题为“从上游到下游，湿地连着你和我”，旨在呼吁人们关注河流流域，共同保护流域的生态环境。中国湿地资源丰富，居世界第四、亚洲第一。中国自1992年加入《湿地公约》后，采取了一系列重要措施保护湿地，目前已有超过40％的自然湿地得到有效保护。本期我们将介绍湿地中的生物多样性保护。     

《生物多样性公约》

正是因为对生物多样性的迅速丧失深感忧虑，并且意识到生物多样性对支撑人类生活起到根本作用，所以才创立《生物多样性公约》（以下简称《公约》）这个有法律约束力的全球条约。该公约于1992年在“里约地球问题首脑会议”上开放签署，于1993年生效；此前，由世界环境与发展委员会组织的有关国际对话历时十年，提出公约草案。这项综合性的公约涵盖了生物多样性的所有方面，是第一个认识到生物多样性在可持续发展中作用的国际条约。     

克林顿的环境政策

1993年4月21日,白宫发布了克林顿总统一系列有关环境政策要点。关于生物多样性公约在1992年6月里约全球首脑会议上,美国拒绝在国际     

为中国生物多样性保护与发展做努力——记中华东方白鹳保护地·旅顺

正东方白鹳属于大型涉禽,是国际濒危物种以及国家一级保护鸟类,主要栖息于沼泽、塘边和滨海滩涂等湿地。近年来东方白鹳频频落户大连旅顺口区双岛湾街道张家村越冬。基于濒危东方白鹳亟待保护的现状,辽宁师范大学海洋经济与可持续发展研究中心、大连市旅顺口区野生鸟类保护协会联合中国生物多样性保护与     

5月22日国际生物多样性日

联合国环境署于1988年11月召开生物多样性特设专家工作组会议,探讨一项生物多样性国际公约的必要性。1989年5月建立了技术和法律特设专家工作组,拟订一个保护和可持续利用生物多样性的国际法律文书。到1991年2月，该特设工作组被称为政府间谈判委员会。1992年5月内罗毕会议通过了《生物多样性公约协议文本》（以下简称《公约》）。《公约》于1992年6月5日联合国环境与发展大会期间开放签字，并于1993年12月29日生效。     

人类经济活动对黑鹳的影响

黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)是世界濒危鸟类之一,已列入国际濒危物种保护公约。其数量极度稀少的首要原因,就是人类经济活动的影响。1984年以来,我们主要在山西省内对黑鹳的生态生物学进行了较为全面的考察,现将人类经济活动对黑鹳的影响状况作一概述。     

前言

保护生物多样性就是保护人类！这是1996年8月21日-24日在乌鲁木齐新疆科技馆召开的“中国干旱区生物多样性保护学术会议”提出的会议口号。在1992年巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会上，通过的联合国“生物多样性公约”，已有包括我国在内的17O多个国家的元首和政府首     

洞庭水患与生态环境保护

本文分析了洞庭湖流域生态环境破坏对洪涝造成的影响,指出流域生态环境受到破坏主要是人类违背自然规律、破坏森林植被、盲目围湖造田、生产及建设性破坏河道及湖滩所致。文章还就根治洞庭水患的关键性措施——搞好生态恢复,提出了几点意见。     

STABLE ISOTOPE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT: Stable isotopes of deuterium and oxygen-18 of surface and ground water, together with anion concentrations and hydraulic gradients, were used to interpret mixing and flow in ground water impacted by artificial recharge. The surface water fraction (SWF), the percentage of surface water in the aquifer impacted via recharge, was estimated at different locations and depths using measured deuterium/hydrogen (DIH) ratios during the 1992, 1993, and 1994 recharge seasons. Recharged surface water completely displaced the ground water beneath the recharge basins from the regional water table at 7.60 m to 12.16 m below the land surface. Mixing occurred beneath the recharge structures in the lower portions of the aquifer (>12.16 m). Approximately 12 m down-gradient from the recharge basin, the deeper zone (19.15 m depth) of the primary aquifer was displaced completely by recharged surface water within 193, 45, and 55 days in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. At the end of the third recharge season, recharged surface water represented ～50 percent of the water in the deeper zone of the primary aquifer ～1000 m downgradient from the recharge basin. A classic asymmetrical distribution of recharged surface water resulted from the recharge induced horizontal and vertical hydraulic gradients. The distribution and breakthrough times of recharged surface water obtained with stable isotopes concurred with those of major anions and bromide in a tracer test conducted during the 1995 recharge season. This stable isotope procedure effectively quantified mixing between surface and ground water.     

基于污染物来源的洞庭湖水环境生态补偿主客体研究

生态补偿主客体研究是制定及实施生态补偿政策的核心要素之一。本研究从系统分析的角度出发,基于2014年洞庭湖主要入湖河流水质、水量情况,核算了主要入湖河流总氮、总磷通量,并结合2014年洞庭湖生态经济区污染物排放情况,详细分析了洞庭湖总氮、总磷的来源,以此为依据界定了洞庭湖水环境生态补偿的主体与客体。结果显示,洞庭湖水体中总氮、总磷的贡献以洞庭湖生态经济区之外地区,通过四水、三口排入洞庭湖为主。基于此,本研究建议洞庭湖水环境生态补偿的主体省级层面应为湖南省和湖北省,而省外层面则为国家作为补偿主体对洞庭湖生态经济区进行补偿。     

SOIL-SOILN simulations of water drainage and nitrate nitrogen transport from soil core lysimeters

Water resources protection from nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) contamination is an important public concern and a major national environmental issue. The abilities of the SOIL-SOILN model to simulate water drainage and nitrate N fluxes from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were evaluated using data from a 3-yr field experiment. The soil is classified as a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Nitrate losses below the 1-m depth from N-fertilized grazed orchardgrass were measured with intact soil core lysimeters. Five N-fertilizer treatments consisted of a control, urine application in the spring, urine application in the summer, urine application in the fall, and feces application in the summer. The SOIL-SOILN models were evaluated using water drainage and nitrate flux data for 1993-1994, 1994-1995, and 1995-1996. The N rate constants from a similar experiment with inorganic fertilizer and manure treatments under corn (Zea mays L.) were used to evaluate the SOILN model under orchardgrass sod. Results indicated that the SOIL model accurately simulated water drainage for all three years. The SOILN model adequately predicted nitrate losses for three urine treatments in each year and a control treatment in 1994-1995. However, it failed to produce accurate simulations for two control treatments in 1993-1994 and 1995-1996, and feces treatments in all three years. The inaccuracy in the simulation results for the control and feces treatments seems to be related to an inadequate modeling of N transformation processes. In general, the results demonstrate the potential of the SOILN model to predict NO3-N fluxes under pasture conditions using N transformation rate constants determined through the calibration process from corn fields on similar soils.     

Tillage, intercrop, and controlled drainage-subirrigation influence atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor loss

Atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] have been found with increasing occurrence in rivers and streams. Their continued use will require changes in agricultural practices. We compared water quality from four crop-tillage treatments: (i) conventional moldboard plow (MB), (ii) MB with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercrop (IC), (iii) soil saver (SS), and (iv) SS + IC; and two drainage control treatments, drained (D) and controlled drainage-subirrigation (CDS). Atrazine (1.1 kg a.i. ha-1), metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one] (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1), and metolachlor (1.68 kg a.i. ha-1) were applied preemergence in a band over seeded corn (Zea mays L.) rows. Herbicide concentration and losses were monitored from 1992 to spring 1995. Annual herbicide losses ranged from < 0.3 to 2.7% of application. Crop-tillage treatment influenced herbicide loss in 1992 but not in 1993 or 1994, whereas CDS affected partitioning of losses in most years. In 1992, SS + IC reduced herbicide loss in tile drains and surface runoff by 46 to 49% compared with MB. The intercrop reduced surface runoff, which reduced herbicide transport. Controlled drainage-subirrigation increased herbicide loss in surface runoff but decreased loss through tile drainage so that total herbicide loss did not differ between drainage treatments. Desethyl atrazine [6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] comprised 7 to 39% of the total triazine loss.     

Ryegrass cover crop effects on nitrate leaching in spring barley fertilized with 15NH415NO3

Cover crops are a management option to reduce NO3 leaching under cereal grain production. A 2-yr field lysimeter study was established in Uppsala, Sweden, to evaluate the effect of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crop interseeded in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on NO3-N leaching and availability of N to the main crop. Barley and ryegrass or barley alone were seeded in mid-May 1992, in lysimeters (03-m diam. x 1.2-m depth) of an undisturbed, well-drained, sandy loam soil. Fertilizer N was applied at the same time as labeled l5NH415NO3 (10 atom % 15N) at a rate of 100 kg N ha(-1). In 1993, barley was reseeded in May in the lysimeters but with nonlabeled NH4NO3 and no cover crop (previous year's cover crop incorporated just prior to seeding). Barley yields and total and fertilizer N uptake in Year 1 (1992) were unaffected by cover crop. Total aboveground N uptake by the ryegrass was 28 kg ha(-1) at the time of incorporation the following spring. Recovery of fertilizer-derived N in May 1993 was about 100%; 53% in soil, 46% in barley, <2% in ryegrass, and negligible amounts in leachate. In May 1994, the corresponding figures were: 32% in soil, <3% in barley, and, again, negligible amounts in leachate. The cover crop reduced concentrations of NO3-N in the leachate considerably (<5 mg L(-1), compared with 10 to 18 mg L(-1) without cover crop) at most sampling times from November 1992 to April 1994, and reduced the total amount of NO3-N leached (22 compared with 8 kg ha(-1)).     

"平退"工程与洞庭湖区湿地生态保护

从考察洞庭湖湿地生态特征入手,探讨了"平退"工程对洞庭湖区湿地生态环境的影响,认为通过"平退"防洪标准较低或影响江湖行蓄洪水的洲滩民垸以扩大江湖槽蓄来提高江湖调蓄洪水的能力,"平退"工程不但不会破坏湖区湿地生态环境,反而会使湖洲草滩及候鸟等越冬环境得到稳定和改善.同时,提出了保护洞庭湖湿地的相关对策.     

Mixed signals: market incentives, recycling, and the price spike of 1995

Environmental economics assumes that reliance on price signals, adjusted for externalities, normally leads to efficient solutions to environmental problems. We explore a limiting case, when market volatility created ‘mixed signals’: prices of waste paper and other recycled materials were suddenly extremely high in 1994–1995, then plummeted back to traditional low levels in 1996. These rapid reversals resulted in substantial economic and political costs. A review of academic and business literature suggests six possible explanations for abrupt price spikes. An econometric analysis of the prices of wood pulp and waste paper shows that factor which explained price changes in 1983–1993 contribute very little to understanding the subsequent price spike. From the econometric analysis and from other sources, we conclude that speculation must have played a major role in the price spike, perhaps in combination with modest effects from changes in government policy and in export demand. If speculatively driven price spikes can disrupt an environmentally important industry such as recycling, what is the appropriate role for public policy? When price volatility is sufficiently disruptive, then measures to control or stabilize prices, rather than interfering with the market, might help to make it more efficient.     

Temporal and spatial development of surface soil conditions at two created riverine marshes

The amount of time it takes for created wetlands to develop soils comparable to natural wetlands is relatively unknown. Surface soil changes over time were evaluated in two created wetlands (approximately 1 ha each) at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in Columbus, Ohio. The two wetlands were constructed in 1993 to be identical in size and geomorphology, and maintained to have the same hydrology. The only initial difference between the wetlands was that one was planted with native macrophytes while the other was not. In May 2004, soil samples were collected (10 yr and 2 mo after the wetlands were flooded) and compared to samples collected in 1993 (after the wetlands were excavated but before flooding) and 1995 (18 mo after the wetlands were flooded). In all three years, soils were split into surface (0-8 cm) and subsurface (8-16 cm) depths and analyzed for soil organic matter, total C, total P, available P, exchangeable cations, and pH. Soils in the two wetlands have changed substantially through sedimentation and organic accretion. Between 1993 and 1995, soils were most influenced by the deposition of senescent macroalgae, the mobilization of soluble nutrients, and the precipitation of CaCO(3). Between 1995 and 2004, soil parameters were influenced more by the deposition of organic matter from colonized macrophyte communities. Mean percent organic matter at the surface increased from 5.3 +/- 0.1% in 1993, 6.1 +/- 0.2% in 1995, to 9.5 +/- 0.2% in 2004. Mean total P increased from 493 +/- 18 microg g(-1) in 1993, 600 +/- 23 microg g(-1) in 1995, to 724 +/- 20 microg g(-1) in 2004. Spatial analyses of percent organic matter (a commonly used indicator of hydric soil condition) at both wetlands in 1993, 1995, and 2004 showed that soil conditions have become increasingly more variable. High spatial structure (autocorrelation) between data points was detected in 1993 and 2004, with data in 2004 exhibiting a much higher overall variance and narrower range of spatial structure than in 1993.     

Reducing risks of maintenance dredging on freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi

In response to proposed dredging in a 122-km reach of the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi, we studied freshwater mussels (family: Unionidae) using qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative (0.25 m(2) total substratum removal) methods in 1987, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, and 2003. Our objectives were to identify important mussel resources, to devise methods for minimizing dredging risks, and to identify habitat improvement features. Approximately 60% of the fauna was located on two high-density shoals characterized by extreme dominance of the commercially valuable threeridge (Amblema plicata). Shallow nearshore and main channel areas comprised approximately 10 and 88% of the aquatic habitat in the project area; however, these areas were of less importance for mussels and supported densities of approximately 5 and 0.5 individuals/m(2), respectively. Throughout the project area the mussel fauna exhibited little or no evidence of recent recruitment, dominance of relatively few species (either A. plicata, or the bank climber Plectomerus dombeyanus), and low species diversity (H') and evenness. No federally listed endangered or threatened mussels were found, although the pyramid pigtoe (Pleurobema pyramidatum), a species listed as endangered in Mississippi, was collected in and upstream of the project area. Two other state-listed species, Plethobasus cyphyus (sheepnose) and Quadrula cylindrica (rabbitsfoot), were only found on gravelly shoals upriver of the project area. Maintenance plans were redesigned to minimize environmental damage; a hydraulic cutterhead dredge will be used in most of the mainstem to reduce risk to nearshore habitats. High-density assemblages on four shoals will not be dredged and 150 and 100 m buffer zones will be left immediately up and downriver. Enhancements for aquatic biota will be created with gravel substratum and wing dams.