用ABR处理中药废水的实践

文中对ABR反应器处理中药废水的效果及运行特性进行了研究。研究表明，在实验范围内，反应器的COD去除率在79％上，即使在有机负荷为5．05kgCOD／（m^3·d）时，COD去除率也可以达到75％以上：当水力停留时间为24h，提高有机负荷ABR反应器的COD去除率先升高后降低；BOD/COD的比值可达0．50。     

COD／SO3^2-值对烟道气含硫废碱液厌氧消化的影响

通过利用UASB反应器,考察了COD和亚硫酸盐浓度的比值对烟道气含硫废碱液厌氧消化的影响。实验表明,在HRT为36h,SO3^2-负荷为0．484）．56kg／（m3·d）,SO3^2-浓度为800mg／L条件下：COD／SO3^2-比值决定了SO3^2-的去除率。当比值为1时,SO3^3-的还原率为53％;当比值为1．5时,SO3^2-原率为68％;比值为2时,SO3^2-的还原率在80％以上;当比值为3时,SO3^2-原率先上升至87％再下降到75％。     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。     

上流式多级处理厌氧反应器（UMAR）处理棉浆黑液

棉浆黑液是高浓度有机废水,有较好的厌氧可生化性。利用上流式多级处理厌氧反应器处理棉浆黑液,容积负荷在14．4—24kg／（m^3·d）之间,平均COD去除率可达到80％,同时可产生沼气,具有很好的应用前景。     

一体化曝气生物滤池处理城市生活污水试验研究

通过试验研究一体化生物生物滤池对城市生活污水的处理效果。考察了水里停留时间（HRT）、COD容积负荷、填料高度、曝气强度等的影响。结果表明,在流量为85 l／h、容积负荷在1．0kgCOD／（m^3·d）-1．5kgCOD／（m^3·d）、曝气强度在0．4—0．6L／（m^2·s）之间时滤池水中COD和SS的去除率为90％和85％左右、氨氮的去除率为61．7％。     

活性污泥法处理高盐废水的可行性研究

实验以糖精钠废水为研究对象,旨在研究活性污泥法处理高盐废水的可行性。结果表明,当总溶解性固体（TDS）质量浓度在5～10g／L之间时,随着TDS的增加,COD、氨氮去除率下降。ρ（TDS）为12～19g／L时,随盐度增加,COD、氨氮去除率上升,当盐度为16g／L,COD容积负荷为1．39kg／（m^3·d）时,COD去除率达到90％。而盐度继续上升,COD、氨氮去除率下降。然而盐度对氨氮影响比较大,ρ（TDS）〉19g／L时,COD去除率为60％～70％,氨氮的去除率却低于30％。     

UBF-AOMBR处理垃圾渗滤液中试

采用UBF(厌氧复合床反应器)-AOMBR(缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器)工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,考察该工艺组合的可行性并作为该领域工程应用的参考。试验结果表明:当进水渗滤液COD浓度10000mg/L左右,NH4+-N浓度2000mg/L左右时,出水COD浓度为1000mg/L,出水NH4+-N浓度为50～100mg/L,COD总去除率>90%,NH4+-N去除率95%左右。UBF最大COD容积负荷为6～7kg/(m3.d)。pH、碱度、回流比是影响系统稳定运行的重要因素。当AOMBR系统MLSS>10000mg/L时,膜污染严重,采用酸、碱、NaClO溶液清洗后膜性能恢复为原来的75%左右。     

CLR反应器处理垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液的实验研究

CLR反应器是在IC反应器的基础上优化的厌氧反应装置,详细介绍了改进的工艺和实验方案,对垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的渗滤液,采用CLR厌氧反应器进行实验研究,结果表明：在中温的环境下,CLR厌氧进水COD从4 200 mg/L逐渐提高到42 000 mg/L的情况下,并稳定进水COD浓度42 000 mg/L左右时,出水COD在8 400 mg/L左右,COD去除率为80％以上.CLR反应器处理实际渗滤液的负荷能够达到42 kgCOD/（m3·d）,产气效率为0.4L沼气/gCOD,从处理效果的分析为生产规模工程设计提供参考.     

颗粒污泥接种UASB反应器处理废纸造纸废水的试验研究

采用颗粒污泥接种UASB厌氧反应器处理废纸造纸废水,对其可生化性及能降解程度进行研究。通过持续近2个月的运行实验可知：在进水CODCr质量浓度为2000—3000mg,L的情况下,COD容积负荷最高可达到20kg/（m3·d）左右,水力停留时间可缩短至4h,有机污染物的去除率稳定保持在80％-90％的范围内,并且运行稳定。     

厌氧处理乙酸丁酯废水的实验研究

乙酸丁酯废水是一种重要的化工原料,每生产一顿乙酸丁酯可产生140kg废水,本实验利用3L上流式厌氧污泥床UASB反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度乙酸丁酯废水。当UASB反应器稳定运行时,进水CODcr=10000mg／L时,容积负荷可达到13kgCOD／（m^3d）,水力停留时间24h,COD去除率可以达到80％以上,出水COD小于2000mg／L。通过本试验取得的良好试验效果,为处理乙酸丁酯废水找出了可行的途径。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.