用4-氨基-3-联氨-5-巯基-1,2,4-三氮杂茂(AHMT)法测定水中微量甲醛

<正> 甲醛广泛存在于合成树脂、塑料、制革、制药等工业生产废水中。自从美国化学工业毒理研究所(CI1T)通过动物实验首次证明甲醛有致癌性以来,水环境中甲醛的污染与监测问题引起人们的关注。目前水中甲醛测定主要有乙酰丙酮法、变色酸法、酚试剂法、盐酸苯肼法。乙酰丙酮法灵敏度低、显色慢,一般需2小时才能完成,故必须加温促进其反应加速。变色酸法需在浓硫酸条件下煮沸加温,并有NO_2~-、醛类和酚的干扰。酚试剂法受脂肪醛,芳香胺的干扰,且不宜用于海湾和含盐水样测定。盐     

北京市夏季城近郊区大气醛类含量及分布规律探讨

在1986和1987年夏,对北京市城郊几个测点进行了大气甲醛和总醛的采样分析.用酚试剂法测总醛,乙酰丙酮法测甲醛。1986和1987二年大气总醛浓度平均值分别为18.5和9.9μg/m~3;1987年夏大气甲醛浓度平均值为4.4μg/m~3.甲醛约占总醛的50％.甲醛和总醛浓度的日变化呈双峰形,其浓度的高低与机动车密度,气象条件等关系密切.北京大气醛类化合物浓度水平是一次污染与二次污染的叠加结果。     

气相色谱法测定废水中的甲醛

测定废水中的甲醛,在国内,目前常用的有乙酰丙酮比色法、变色酸比色法和盐酸苯肼比色法。采用上述方法时,水样均需预蒸溜。蒸溜时,由于酚类和其他醛类的干扰,条件较难控制。采用直接气相色谱法测定时,由于水与甲醛在色谱柱上分离不好,且甲醛在氢火焰离子检测器上响应不大,效果也不理想。本     

酚试剂和乙酰丙酮法测定空气中甲醛的研究

对测定空气中甲醛的两种分光光度法 -酚试剂法和乙酰丙酮法进行了比较 ,分析两种测定方法的影响因素 ,灵敏度、检出限、测定下限、准确度、精密度、线性范围等进行了对比研究 ,建立了空气中甲醛的采样方法 ,分别应用两种方法对空气中的甲醛含量进行了测定 ,结果一致。     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定土壤中甲醛的检出限分析

在环境监测工作中,用乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定土壤中甲醛的含量具有仪器设备简单、操作简便,性能稳定,干扰小,可稳定12h不变等特点。作者采用蒸馏法对土壤进行前处理,用乙酰丙酮比色法测探讨了该方法的检出限。结果表明：乙酰丙酮光度法检测土壤中的甲醛方法最低检出限为1．24mg／kg,蒸馏回收率为55．9％-87．8％。     

空气与工业废气中甲醛测定方法的比较

空气与工业废气中甲醛的测定,常用乙酰丙酮比色法和酚试剂比色法。实验表明,两种方法各有优缺点。前者选择性、重视性好,但以水为吸收液,水中甲醛易被氧化成甲酸,使甲醛含量降低;后者灵敏度高,操作简便,但酚试剂易受光解,色泽变深,灵敏度降低。笔者根据多年实践经验,将两种方法加以比较,以供借鉴。     

利用GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪监测室内空气中的甲醛含量

本文对GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪监测室内空气甲醛含量的优势进行了分析,并对国标“GB／T18204．26-2000酚试剂比色法”和101SA仪进行样品的对比实验分析及显著性差异的检验,得出了GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪与酚试剂比色法所测结果无显著性差异的结论,且101SA测定仪省时省力,是开展室内甲醛监测的理想仪器之一。     

电化学传感器法监测室内空气中甲醛

通过用国家标准GB/T 18204.26-2000酚试剂分光光度法与电化学传感器原理的PPM-400 ST甲醛检测仪（PPM-Tech）相对比,并对可能影响甲醛检测仪监测结果的环境因素如空气中干扰物、风速、温度、湿度等进行研究。在95%置信度下,两种方法所得数据配对t检验的结果,差别无显著性意义;并将两种方法测得的数据进行相关分析,其回归方程式：y（传感器法）=0.004 6＋1.03x（酚试剂法）,相关系数为r=0.993 4。研究结果表明PPM-400 ST甲醛快速检测便携式仪器具有轻巧、方便、快捷、可靠、实时检测甲醛浓度的优点,检测结果与现有国家标准方法具有好的可比性。     

酚试剂分光光度法测定工业废水中的甲醛

采用酚试剂分光光度法测定工业废水中甲醛的含量,探讨了反应温度、显色时间以及硫酸铁铵用量等因素对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,在室温下显色时间30 min、质量分数为1%的硫酸铁铵用量0.4 mL时,加标回收率在98.08%~102.6%之间,测定结果令人满意。     

论述测定室内空气中甲醛含量的方法

环境的污染威胁着人们的身体健康,室内环境的污染来源于建筑材料所释放的化学成分,主要有氨、苯、甲醛等,其中,最为广泛且为人们所熟知的要数甲醛,甲醛对于人们身体有极大危害,其无色,但有强烈刺激性气味。文章将酚试剂分光光度法与便携式PPM-400ST甲醛检测仪通过实验对比,阐述仪器法与酚试剂分光光度法测定空气中甲醛含量的技术与方法,论述其检验过程的便捷度及检验仪器的可靠性,从而得出最佳检测方法。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.