饮用水氯化消毒新副产物TCMCD的水解机理

研究了一定温度和pH值条件下2,2,4-三氯-5-甲氧基-环成4-烯-1,3-二酮(TCMCD)的水解机理,结果表明,TCMCD在水中发生不可逆的水解反应,生成2,5-二氯-3-羟基-4-甲氧基-环戊-2,4-二烯酮(DHMCD)和3-氯-2-羟基-4-甲基-5-氧-2,5-二(氢)-呋喃-2-甲酸(CHMDFC)或二者的镜像异构体,CHMDFC继续反应生成3-氯-2-甲氧基-4-酮-戊-2-烯二酸(CMPE),pH值升高,水解速率加快,而温度对高pH值条件下TCMCD的水解影响更大.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水体中14种挥发性消毒副产物

基于吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法(P&T-GC-MS)技术建立了同时测定水中4类14种挥发性消毒副产物(V-DBPs)的方法,并对吹扫捕集条件及色谱条件进行了优化.水中的挥发性消毒副产物经吹扫捕集、热脱附,Rtx-624色谱柱分离,选择离子扫描模式方式进行测定,内标法定量.结果显示,校准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限为1.72—374 ng·L-1,不同浓度下实际样品加标回收率为76.1%—114%,相对标准偏差为2.4%—13%.利用本方法对自来水开展检测,分别检出三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯一溴甲烷、氯乙腈、1,1-二氯丙酮、二氯乙腈、1,1,1-三氯丙酮等7种消毒副产物,检出浓度范围为3.21—16.6μg·L-1,检出率为36%—100%,其中二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷的结果均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2022）规定的限值要求.该方法具有前处理简单、重现性好、正确度高等特点,适用于同时快速测定水中14种挥发性消毒副产物.     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物

建立了饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的固相萃取-气质联用分析方法,对固相萃取材料、洗脱溶剂种类、洗脱溶剂体积和样品上样量等测试条件进行了优化,得出最佳萃取条件.实验结果表明,方法检出限为0.002—0.02μg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差范围为0.7%—4.1%.     

γ-辐照对水中腐殖酸去除的研究

以腐殖酸作为消毒副产物前驱物的代表,研究了γ-辐照对其去除效果.结果表明,γ-辐照对水中腐殖酸具有较好的去除作用.腐殖酸初始浓度为10mg·l-1时,在1.0kGy的辐照剂量下,腐殖酸去除率为88.6%,总有机碳减少62.8%,色度去除率为76%.随着辐照剂量的增加,氧化还原电位先增大后减小,而电导率则相反.在相同的辐照剂量下,初始浓度较低的腐殖酸去除率较高.碳酸盐对辐照去除腐殖酸具有抑制作用,中性条件有利于γ-辐照对腐殖酸的去除.辐照去除腐殖酸的过程可用一级动力学描述.     

4-苯基-2-丁酮微型化合成研究

运用微型化的方法对以乙酸和乙醇为基本原料合成4-苯基-2-丁酮的反应物用量、技术要点与操作步骤进行实验研究,其产率约为61%,研究结果表明此方法可行.表1,参5.     

budC缺失对克雷伯氏菌联产3-羟基丙酸和1,3-丙二醇的影响

在利用克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)联产3-羟基丙酸和1,3-丙二醇过程中,副产物对碳流的竞争是限制产物合成的重要因素.通过将来源于大肠杆菌的醛脱氢酶基因在budC缺失型克雷伯氏菌中过表达,研究budC缺失对克雷伯氏菌联产1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的影响.与K.pneumoniae ZG27/pUC19-aldH相比,缺失型菌株K.pneumoniae ZG40(budC?)/pUC19-aldH发酵60 h后,1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的产量分别为64.0 mmol/L和134 mmol/L,3-羟基丙酸转化率提高了22%,副产物中除2,3-丁二醇外均有不同程度降低.本研究表明,过表达醛脱氢酶的重组克雷伯氏菌能够积累3-羟基丙酸,但在微氧发酵24 h后,1,3-丙二醇逐渐向3-羟基丙酸转化;而budC的缺失进一步促进了1,3-丙二醇向3-羟基丙酸的转化.     

金属有机骨架纳米材料-固相萃取环境水样中亚硝胺类消毒副产物

将通过水热合成法制备的金属有机骨架材料[MIL-101(Cr)]作为吸附剂应用于吸附环境水样中的亚硝胺类消毒副产物,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)进行测定.通过SEM、TEM和FT-IR技术对MIL-101(Cr)的表面形态和特征基团进行表征,并对影响萃取效率的主要因素,如MIL-101(Cr)的用量、萃取时间、水样的pH值和解吸条件等进行考察.研究表明,当MIL-101(Cr)用量为6.0 mg,pH=9.0,30℃下9 min内可达吸附平衡,回收率高于63.5%,3种亚硝胺的检出限为0.029—0.283μg·L~(-1).将方法应用于环境水样的测定,加标回收率在77.9%—107.2%范围内,相对标准偏差低于5.4%.该方法操作简单快速、准确可靠、检出限低,可用于水样中痕量亚硝胺类消毒副产物的检测.     

构建辅酶自循环系统全细胞催化合成S-2-氨基-1-苯基乙醇

S-2-氨基-1-苯基乙醇是一种重要的医药中间体,广泛应用于神经递质及抗病毒剂等多种具有生理活性药物的合成.目前其合成主要通过化学手段,虽然工艺成熟,但反应条件剧烈,且会生成许多副产物.基于新鉴定的铜绿假单胞菌来源的ω-转氨酶,设计了一个结合新金色分枝杆菌来源的醇脱氢酶的级联酶催化体系,从而将较为廉价的苯基-1,2-乙二醇一步催化合成具有高附加值的S-2-氨基-1-苯基乙醇.为了解决级联催化过程中辅酶再生和氨基供体再生问题,在该级联体系中引入大肠杆菌来源的谷氨酸脱氢酶,构建一个封闭的氧化还原自循环系统,从而实现辅酶(NADP~+)和辅底物(L-Glu)的同时再生.最后将这3个酶串联表达在pETDuet和pACYCDuet质粒上,并转入大肠杆菌中,获得了重组菌Escherichia coli BL21(MPG).通过重组菌全细胞转化,结果显示在100 mL、pH 8.0的NH_4Cl溶液中,37℃条件下反应10 h后,OD_(600)=30的该重组菌可一步催化50 mmol/L苯基-1,2-乙二醇生成光学纯的S-2-氨基-1-苯基乙醇,转化率达到99.6%,产物的ee值 99%.本研究提供了一种高效经济催化合成S-2-氨基-1-苯基乙醇的方法,不需要受到辅因子供应不足的限制以及副产物的积累的影响.(图8表3参31)     

强化丙酮酸-CO2途径对克雷伯氏菌合成1,3-丙二醇的影响

克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)中辅酶NADH的有效供给影响1,3-丙二醇的产量和得率,通过在K.pneumoniae强化丙酮酸-CO2途径,以提高胞内NADH水平和1,3-丙二醇产量.将来源于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae W3 03)的甲酸脱氢酶基因fdh1和K.pneumoniae的丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因pfl B在K.pneumoniae中过表达,强化丙酮酸-甲酸-CO2途径.结果显示,单独表达fd h1、pfl B和共表达fhd1、pfl B基因的克雷伯氏菌与出发菌株相比,胞内NADH含量明显增加,1,3-丙二醇产量分别提高了8%、12%、18%,摩尔转化率分别提高了7.3%、13.2%、19.5%,除乙酸外其他副产物都有不同程度的降低.本研究表明,强化丙酮酸-甲酸-CO2途径提高了NADH的再生效率,促进了1,3-丙二醇的合成.     

产甘油假丝酵母补料发酵中的甘油合成衰减

为揭示产甘油假丝酵母Candida glycerinogenes补料发酵后甘油合成衰减机理,以指导甘油合成及菌株改造,对补料发酵后甘油的生成情况、葡萄糖的消耗情况、细胞内的代谢流量变化以及代谢途径关键酶活力变化进行了研究.结果表明,补料发酵后葡萄糖的代谢流量分布发生变化,流向HMP途径和甘油合成途径的流量分别降低48%和33%,更多的碳流通过EMP途径形成副产物;胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(ctGPD)和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)的活力下降,而丙酮酸激酶(PYK)活力上升.补料发酵后甘油合成关键酶ctGPD酶活力低下,流向甘油合成途径的碳流减小,还原力供给受影响,这些因素共同作用引起了补料发酵后甘油合成的衰减.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.