蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用

蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用刘祖贵，赵先男为提高土地的利用率，增加农民的收入，我们从１９９１～１９９４年进行了“三高”农业种植模式之—──稻油鱼菇生态结构的研究。研究结果表明，蘑菇插入田间后对水稻、油菜均具有较大的增产作用。研究方法：研究工...     

稻田稻麦两熟养鱼高产技术研究

本文研究了稻麦两熟养鱼高产的调控原理,提出了稻麦连作,畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生的稻田全年养鱼技术。①利用深沟窄畦扩容和稳容,改造生境容量;②采用畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生结构调节群落的种群密度和生态位宽度,延长养鱼时间;③按照生物种群的生态型对水层敏感性实施田间水位和流水增氧调控,提高养鱼产量;④提高稻麦两熟养鱼的生产率,合理投入,以生物质能为主源输入稳定系统结构。     

内江市农业生产力的数值模拟

本文利用农业生产力模型对内江市的农业生产力进行了数值模拟实验。结果表明内江市农业生产的前景十分广阔,不同耕作制度的农业产值排序为稻-稻-油＞稻-油＞稻-麦＞玉一薯一油＞玉一薯一麦＞稻。     

我国的生态农业

我国的农业正处在传统农业向现代化“生态农业”转化的阶段。目前已出现一批自然形成的生态农业典型:①稻-蔗(桑)-鱼-猪(禽)相结合的结构模式。②稻-鱼共生的生态农业模式。③以水产养殖业为主的生态农业模式。④农牧渔全面发展的生态模式。⑤旱地浪林草牧型生态农业。⑥城郊菜、奶、果、禽、鱼型生态系统。归纳为森林生态系统、农田生态系统以及水域生态系统,及这三个生态系统互相交错的各种类型的生态系统等。     

稻田稻麦两熟养鱼生态结构及功能研究

田间试验表明，深沟窄畦结构扩大了稻田生物的生境容量，畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生结构提高了稻田生产力，稻麦年产量稳定达到10．84～11.83t／ha，鱼产量3.11～4.20t／ha，在稻田产出中鱼占有最大产值优势度，系统能流结构表现出新特点，生态效率高。     

湖北省京山县绿色生态农业模式“稻-鸭-油”推广应用技术

通过推广配套“稻-鸭-油”模式应用技术，实行绿色生态农业生产，大量减少农药、化肥等化学品投入，农产品质量和农田生态环境都得到改善，取得了明显的三大效益。     

加强生态环境保护 努力构建和谐阜阳

近年来,坚持污染防治与生态保护并重使阜阳市获益匪浅。颖上县建成了全国生态农业县, 阜南县濛洼行蓄洪区被国家环保总局批准为沿淮行蓄洪区重要生态功能区。全市还探索出光、热、水、气、肥立体种植模式,农、林、牧、鱼、沼生态模式,稻鱼共生模式等多种生态农业发展模式。以“全球500佳”小张庄为依托, 发展生态旅游。实现阜城13条沟     

中国“青田田鱼”——全球重要农业文化遗产

2005年6月,浙江省青田县稻田养鱼系统被联合国粮农组织、联合国发展计划署和全球环境基金列为首批“全球重要农业文化遗产保护项目”。青田稻田养鱼至今已有1200多年的历史,最早的起源是农民利用溪水灌溉,溪中的鱼在稻田里自然生长,并经过长期的训化、演变、形成了天然的稻鱼共生系统,孕育了青田特有的田鱼地方品种——“青田田鱼”。青田田鱼的一个重要特点,因其生长在环保生态中,所以鱼鳞无需去掉,可直接烹饪。目前,青田县稻田养鱼面积已达10万亩。山水清丽、环境优美的青田县方山乡龙现村是首批全球重要农业文化遗产项目试验点。稻田养鱼…     

哈尼梯田遗产地的生态足迹与生态承载力分析——以元阳县全福庄为例

哈尼梯田遗产地人类活动与生态系统之间的平衡关系是梯田持续发展的基础。定量评价两者之间的供需状态对遗产的可持续发展具有重要的指导作用。考虑到哈尼梯田生态系统的多重生态服务功能尤其是梯田的复合生产功能,引用基于生态系统服务功能理论的生态足迹模型,以元阳县全福庄为例,对遗产地的生态服务功能和人类活动对生态环境的影响进行了评价。结果为:全福庄的人均生态足迹为2.37hm2/人,人均生态承载力为2.72hm2/人,人均生态盈余为0.35hm2/人,全福庄基本处于可持续发展状态,但盈余空间不大。从主要组成项目看,耕地的生态亏损最大,为0.44hm2/人;水域的生态盈余最多,为0.89hm2/人。因此,大力发展"稻—鱼"农业模式是扩大生态承载力、降低生态足迹、提高居民收入、维持遗产地生态生态环境持续发展的重要手段。     

云南大理洱海流域农业面源污染防治和生态补偿实践

洱海是大理人民赖以生存和发展的＂母亲湖＂,保护洱海是全州实现可持续发展的前提和基础,保护洱海就是保护大理发展的根基。＂治湖先治污,治污先治源＂。近年来大理州委、州政府及流域各级农业部门高度重视洱海农业面源污染防治及生态补偿工作,总结、提炼了一些成功的生态补偿经验和做法,特别是在种养结构调整、测土配方施肥、畜禽粪便资源化利用、农产品质量安全、稻田养殖生态鱼等方面实施了大量的以项目形式的生态补偿实践,同时在生态补偿的理论、政策、措施,补偿对象、补偿方式、补偿资金等方面作了初步探索,取得了明显成效,洱海流域农业面源污染控制初步实现了＂控源、减排、循环、利用＂的目标。本文通过总结大理州近年来以项目形式实施的农业生态补偿机制体制的经验,旨在为保护高原湖泊实施农业生态补偿提供科技支撑。     

“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游多维生态位及竞合发展策略研究

构建湛江、茂名、阳江3市和谐的滨海旅游竞合关系是粤西滨海旅游协同一体化高质量发展的重要内涵与实现途径。基于2012—2017年“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游相关统计数据,构建了滨海旅游生态位测评指标体系,运用旅游生态位理论模型综合测评了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度、扩充度和重叠度,深入分析了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游产业综合竞争力、竞争态势与竞争程度。结果发现:①“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度呈现“水平低、均衡化”的结构特征,3市滨海旅游产业综合竞争力与影响力弱,旅游综合竞争力从大到小的排序依次为湛江、茂名、阳江。②“湛茂阳”3市滨海旅游综合生态位扩充态势不明显,扩充度水平整体呈现均质化特征,局部存在一定程度的分异。③“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位重叠度高,旅游竞争激烈,旅游协同合作发展水平与效应较低。最后,从区域滨海旅游生态位的协同、错位、扩充3个视角科学提出了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游竞合发展策略。     

Towards a governance of sustainable consumption transitions: how institutional factors influence emerging local food systems in Belgium

System innovations and transitions in the realm of sustainable consumption policies will seldom emerge automatically from the present socio-political and socio-technical contexts. This paper explores a set of perspectives related to the governance of transitions and develops their application to the relatively unexplored governance of sustainable consumption transitions. Empirical material stems from an extensive case study which analyses a food consumption niche in the form of collectively organised local food systems (LFS) in Belgium. More specifically, we analyse and discuss the institutional contexts and socio-political configurations within which the investigated system innovation cases are embedded. The results explore the role of governmental interplay in fostering innovative consumption practices for a transition towards a more sustainable, autonomous, citizen-based, LFS.     

生态经济系统边缘效应的实证分析

在理论层面,从生态经济系统的生态位角度探讨省域行政边界地区的生态经济系统边缘效应的优势和特性;在实践层面,以广西玉林为例,通过探讨省域生态经济系统边缘效应的形成过程和动力机制,剖析省域生态经济系统的边缘地区玉林今后发展的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战.针对生态经济系统边缘效应的发挥提出相应对策和建议,以期为经济转型升级过程中省域生态经济系统边缘地区经济的发展和腾飞提供理论参照.     

城市群的生态研究方向:城市群落学解析

城市群落是若干城市在共同的生境条件下通过竞争、共生等生态行为所形成,并与环境相互作用的城市群体,是具有协同进化、演替等生态功能的有机体.运用群落生态学的理论、方法对群落中城市种群间的关系、城市群落的结构特征及城市群落演替等方面进行研究,试图探求促进城市群落持续发展的规律.首先界定城市群落、城市群落学等相关概念,构建城市群落学理论框架;其次对比分析了生物群落与城市群落的特征和生态功能上的相似性和差异性;最后阐述了有关城市群落的种群组成、种间关联、群落结构及群落演替的研究内容,并提出了相应的城市群落研究方法.从生态学角度来看城市问题,借鉴群落生态学的原理和研究方法来认识城市群的发展,是"回归自然"的城市发展观点,有利于促进城市群落功能的发挥,推动城市群落向特定的方向演替.     

生态城市的内涵与理论基础

当前我国的城市发展建设中,有相当多的城市制定环境保护规划、建设生态城市。本文对生态城市的内涵和理论基础进行论述,以期对生态城市建设有所助益。     

Effect of Grazing and Climatic Changes on Alpine Vegetation of Tungnath,Garhwal Himalaya,India

Effect of grazing and changing climate on vegetation composition of alpine pasture at Tungnath, Garhwal Himalaya was observed. Growth form pattern and phytosociological attributes were analyzed during 1988 under grazed (exposed to extensive grazing) and ungrazed (protected from grazing) conditions. These observations were repeated during 1998. It was observed that number of early growing species and long vegetative growth cycle species had increased at both sites in 1998 in comparison to 1988. Further, some species, viz., Poa alpina, Polygonum spp., Ranunculus hirtellus, Anemone spp., are predominantly found near the timberline-subalpine region. These species are less palatable and were present at both sites with higher dominance (TBC) and niche width in 1998 indicating wide distribution of the species along an altitudinal gradient. These observations indicated the migration of these species towards upper slopes of alpine. Species diversity was also higher after ten years. However, it is clear that climatic changes alone are not responsible for these vegetational shifts. In fact, human-induced changes are the main reason for habitat destruction and changes in vegetation composition of the alpine region of Garhwal Himalaya. Before final conclusions can be made, long-term studies on vegetation composition and changes are needed, especially in Himalayan region.     

大学生"回炉"现象的理论思考与分析——生态位在大学生"回炉"现象中的应用

着重结合生态学中“生态位“这一概念通过理论分析阐述出生态位重叠使大学毕业生失去竞争优势,实然生态位与应然生态位的差距造成了“回炉“现象的出现.     

Identifying Conservation and Restoration Priorities for Saproxylic and Old-Growth Forest Species: A Case Study in Switzerland

Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems, as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments. We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied. This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking. In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence.     

Sustainable innovation in wastewater management: lessons for nutrient recovery and reuse

Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD.     

The multiple communities of low-carbon transition: an assessment of communities involved in forest carbon measurement

In recent writing on sociotechnical transitions theory communities are mostly conceived of as being local and place-based (“grassroots”). In this paper the implications for sociotechnical transitions theory of having multiple communities operating at different geographical scales, and with different objectives, are examined through a case study of low-carbon innovation in forests. The focus of analysis is the communities promoting sociotechnical innovations in the measurement of forest carbon. Innovation is being driven by the international United Nations climate policy initiative “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation” (REDD+). The rise of REDD+ policy has prompted a flurry of activity in related scientific research, especially in the field of remote sensing. But other types of community are also actively positioning themselves as experts in forest carbon measurement: there are multiple communities at work, each with varying claims to innovation and expertise, from local (place-based) forest communities to international communities of foresters and forest ecologists. Recognition of the multiple communities operating within sociotechnical systems usefully draws our attention to the politics of innovation.