交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮Ⅰ.方法实现与控制

采用实时控制策略和曝气 搅拌交替运行方式在 ( 2 6± 1 )℃下开发了一种新型短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺 :实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺 .并对其与实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺进行了比较研究 .结果显示 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺无论从硝化速率、反硝化速率还是从硝化时间、反硝化时间上均优于实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮两种工艺 .其硝化速率和反硝化速率分别是预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化工艺的 1 3 8倍和 1 2 5倍 ,是实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺的 1 82倍和 1 6 1倍 .因此 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺不但能够合理分配曝气和搅拌时间 ,而且还能提高硝化、反硝化速率 ,缩短反应时间 ,从而达到降低运行成本的目的     

短程硝化生物脱氮工艺的稳定性

采用序批式活性污泥法 (SBR)处理实际豆制品废水 ,系统研究了温度和曝气时间对短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺稳定性的影响 .结果表明 ,反应器内温度只有超过 28℃时 ,利用温度实现的短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺才能稳定地运行 ;另外 ,首次发现过度曝气对短程硝化影响较大 ,在过度曝气条件下运行12d ,硝化类型就由NO₂^--N累积率为 96 %的短程硝化转变为NO₂^--N累积率为39.3%的全程硝化 .因此 ,为使短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺稳定、持久地运行必须实现该工艺的实时控制 .     

实际生活污水短程/全程硝化反硝化处理中试研究

常温条件下,用A/O生物脱氮工艺中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,控制好氧区低DO浓度(0.5 mg/L),实现了短程硝化反硝化反应,亚硝酸氮平均积累率可达85%或更高.研究了低DO短程硝化反硝化、低DO全程硝化反硝化和高DO全程硝化反硝化3种运行方式或状态在总氮去除率、耗氧量、污泥性能和反应机理上的差别.结果表明,短程硝化反硝化是生物脱氮的最优运行方式,它可有效提高系统脱氮率、降低运行费用.短程硝化反硝化过程中缺氧区和好氧区的pH值变化幅度较大;而全程硝化反硝化过程中,缺氧区pH值变化很小或基本不变化,好氧区pH值变化幅度较大.全程硝化和短程硝化的硝化速率相差不大,但短程反硝化速率和全程反硝化速率相比增加了15%.可以应用DO和pH在线控制A/O工艺硝化反应过程.     

短程硝化反硝化中影响HNO2积累的因素分析

介绍了短程硝化反硝化的生物脱氮机理,综述了短程硝化反硝化过程中影响HNO2积累的主要因素游离性氨（FA）、pH、温度、溶解氧（DO）和污泥泥龄等,探讨了实现短程硝化反硝化的途径     

生物强化MBR-AF工艺短程硝化反硝化研究

本试验将短程硝化功能菌和反硝化功能菌分别接种至膜生物反应器(MBR)和上流式厌氧生物滤池(AF)中,构建了生物强化的MBR-AF短程硝化反硝化工艺,并以活性污泥作空白对照,考察该工艺对高氨氮废水的短程脱氮性能.结果表明,强化体系MBR的启动期短,仅需30d,而活性污泥体系MBR的启动期长达100d;强化体系MBR亚硝酸氮积累率始终维持在95%以上;在30℃下,随着运行时间的延长,强化体系MBR-AF工艺总氮去除率不断升高,最高达90%以上,比活性污泥体系高20%;强化体系MBR膜污染程度轻,膜的使用寿命长.说明功能菌强化在高效亚硝酸氮积累和氨氮转化方面起关键作用,可作为实现短程硝化反硝化的有效手段.     

短程硝化反硝化工艺处理低C/N垃圾渗滤液

针对本试验垃圾渗滤液的水质特点和传统生物脱氮工艺存在的问题,结合目前国内外在该方向的研究现状,提出短程硝化反硝化处理垃圾渗滤液的新工艺。通过控制曝气池内溶解氧浓度平均在2.0 mg/L,温度(30±2)℃,实现了稳定的亚硝氮积累和较高的氨氮去除率,亚硝化率和氨氮去除率分别维持在83%和85%左右。试验结果表明,该工艺与传统生物脱氮工艺相比,污泥负荷明显增加,耗氧量和反硝化所需碳源减少,反硝化效率和速率明显提高,从而总氮去除率也显著提高。     

硝化液回流比对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷效能的影响

基于ABR工艺与MBR工艺的耦合联动,以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,构建生物相分离、液相循环和功能联动的ABR-MBR新型组合工艺,以实现稳定、高效、节能的多功能生物除污(去碳-脱氮-除磷)为目标,通过优化水力停留时间(HRT)以获得ABR优质碳源提供与MBR短程硝化实现的最佳组合,并进行了硝化液回流比为100%、200%、300%和400%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.ABR-MBR耦合工艺在不同条件下的运行研究结果表明,将溶解氧(DO)维持在低浓度(0.3~1.0 mg·L-1)下及HRT维持在较短(HRTMBR=3 h)情况下在MBR中实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率达到60%以上;随着硝化液回流比的增大,ABR中反硝化除磷效能先升高后下降,以300%时反硝化除磷效果为最佳,此时亦处于MBR短程硝化阶段,实现了短程反硝化除磷(主要以NO-2作为电子受体的反硝化除磷),且短程反硝化除磷在系统除磷中占据了主导作用.     

新型短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺研究进展

短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺因无须曝气,节省碳源,理论上可实现100%氮去除,成为近年来最具应用前景的新型污水生物脱氮技术。短程反硝化(NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N)又可分为胞外碳源(即外源短程反硝化,或短程反硝化)和胞内碳源(即内源短程反硝化)2种电子供体驱动类型,但目前鲜有研究对2种新型短程反硝化及其耦合厌氧氨氧化的专题报道。文章首先对比了短程反硝化和内源短程反硝化工艺原理;其次从反应时间、COD/NO_3~--N比、碳源类型、温度和溶解氧等5个方面总结了2种工艺的影响因素;随后对国内外基于短程反硝化/内源短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的研究进展进行综述;最后结合当前的研究现状提出目前急需解决的问题并展望了短程反硝化/内源短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化技术的发展方向。     

一种新型短程同步硝化反硝化生物膜工艺

在对完全硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化(SND)、短程硝化反硝化(SHARON)和缺氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)生物脱氮技术的研究和开发进展进行分析后,提出了一种新型短程同步硝化反硝化生物膜工艺,并在连续曝气的条件下,对该工艺进行在线监测.结果表明:NO2-的积累率能够达到80%以上,说明系统中发生了短程同步硝化反硝化现象.     

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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