不同农作物秸秆原料制备生物炭特性及重金属浸出行为

采用水稻秆、大豆秆、小麦秆和玉米秆为原料在550℃缺氧条件下制备生物炭,考察不同原料生物炭理化性质及热解后重金属(Cr﹑Ni、 Cu﹑As﹑Cd和Pb)迁移转化特征,及其在不同浸出液中的浸出行为.结果表明,4种原料制备的生物炭的理化特性和元素组成基本一致,其中玉米秆生物炭微孔体积(0.006 cm³·g^-1)和比表面积(110.120 m²·g^-1)低于其他原料生物炭.秸秆热解后重金属(除Cd外)含量增加了14.04%～410.81%,且大部分重金属(除Cd和Pb外)化学形态由不稳定态(弱酸提取态和可还原态)向稳定态(可氧化态和残渣态)转化.制备的生物炭中的重金属在超纯水和缓冲盐溶液中无浸出或浸出量较少,在乙酸溶液和腐殖酸溶液中浸出量较高.其中Cu在乙酸溶液中浸出量较高,为2.601～4.224 mg·kg^-1,As在腐殖酸溶液中浸出量较高,介于0.074～0.166 mg·kg^-1.热解后,各种重金属的环境质量指数(PI_i)和内梅罗...     

镧改性净水污泥水热炭对水体中磷的吸附特性及底泥内源磷的固定

以净水污泥和氯化镧为原料,通过一步水热炭化同时负载镧,制备了镧改性净水污泥水热炭.采用SEM-EDS、 BET、 FTIR、 XRD和XPS对材料进行表征,考察溶液初始pH、吸附时间、吸附等温线和吸附动力学等,研究其对水体磷酸盐的吸附特性.结果表明,制备的材料相比净水污泥原泥,比表面积和孔容孔径有明显提高,磷吸附量大幅提升.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型拟合对磷的最大吸附量达到72.69 mg·g^-1.主要吸附机制为静电引力和配体交换.镧改性净水污泥水热炭添加入底泥,可以有效控制底泥内源磷向上覆水的释放.分析底泥磷形态,水热炭的添加促使底泥中不稳定的NH₄Cl-P、 BD-P和Org-P向非常稳定的HCl-P转变,降低了底泥中潜在活性磷含量,同时也大幅降低了底泥中生物有效磷含量.说明镧改性净水污泥水热炭可以有效吸附去除水体磷酸盐,同时也可作为底泥改良材料,有效稳定底泥内源磷,控制水体磷含量.     

不同生物炭对磷的吸附特征及其影响因素

为了实现植物生物质资源化利用,选择5种生物质材料制备生物炭,通过比较5种生物炭材料的磷吸附能力,筛选出了2种磷吸附效果较佳的材料,并探明了筛选生物炭材料的理化性质及其对磷的吸附特征.结果表明,5种生物炭材料中,仅水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆生物炭对磷具有吸附能力.Langmuir等温吸附曲线表明,水稻秸秆生物炭对废水中磷的吸附能力强于玉米秸秆生物炭,理论最大吸附量为：水稻秸秆生物炭(9.78 mg·g^-1)>玉米秸秆生物炭(0.39 mg·g^-1).水稻秸秆生物炭的比表面积(148.30 m²·g^-1)和总孔体积(0.11 cm³·g^-1)远高于玉米秸秆生物炭8.26 m²·g^-1和0.03 cm³·g^-1,同时水稻秸秆生物炭有更高的Mg、 Ca、 Fe和Al元素含量.水稻秸秆生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭对磷吸附的最佳pH为酸性;在不同的pH范围内（3.0～11.0）,水稻秸秆生...     

矿物改性污泥生物炭对土壤重金属浸出的影响

为研究凹凸棒石-污泥共热解生物炭对重金属污染土壤的淋溶性的影响，该文在350℃下将污泥、污泥和凹凸棒石混合热解制备2种生物炭，将2种不同生物炭施用于重金属污染土壤中进行钝化实验。钝化完成后土壤开展模拟酸雨土柱淋溶实验，研究重金属随着雨水淋溶的迁移规律，评价材料的钝化效果。结果表明：在淋溶过程中，重金属的累积淋失率呈现前期快速增长，后期持续缓慢增长的趋势，Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni 5种重金属的累计淋失率整体呈现对照>污泥生物炭>凹凸棒石-污泥共热解生物炭的趋势，共热解生物炭处理后，重金属的累积淋失率降低了11.13%～48.02%，各重金属的累积淋失率随时间的动力学方程拟合结果显示，Elovich修正方程与重金属的释放累积过程拟合相关性最好，R²为0.918～0.995，一级动力学方程的拟合相关性最差，说明重金属在土壤中的释放过程主要受到非均质表面的化学吸附影响，生物炭能够对土壤中的重金属起到较好的固定作用，从而降低重金属的淋失迁移性。凹凸棒石与污泥的共热解显示出了优于单一材料的重金属钝化效果。表明凹凸棒石-污泥共热解生物炭是一种潜在的土壤重金属钝化...     

污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属稳定性研究:铁盐添加剂的作用

在污泥包裹飞灰中添加不同比例的铁盐后进行热解,依据HJ/T 300—2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法——醋酸缓冲溶液法》,研究了铁盐对污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定效果,确定了基于热解炭最终处置目标的最经济的铁盐添加量和最大飞灰包裹量。结果表明:添加混合铁盐可以增加污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定性,随着铁盐添加量增加,重金属的浸出浓度先减小后增加。综合经济性和稳定性,确定最适宜的铁盐添加量为1.5%。添加铁盐可增加污泥的飞灰包裹量,在Fe添加量为1.5%,热解温度500℃的条件下,污泥对飞灰的最大包裹量是1∶2,此条件下的产物热解炭可以进入生活垃圾填埋场处置。     

水葫芦/污泥共热解法制备生物炭粒及其对Cr3+的吸附特性

为了促进水葫芦和污泥的资源化利用,探究水葫芦/污泥生物炭粒的基本理化性质及其对水中Cr3+的吸附机制,以水葫芦、污泥为原料,在300~500℃热解温度下制得生物炭粒,通过产率分析、灰分分析、比表面积和孔径分析及SEM（扫描电镜）分析,同时利用吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型对生物炭粒吸附水中Cr3+的内在机制进行研究,最后采用TCLP（毒性浸出法）测定了不同生物炭粒中重金属的浸出毒性.结果表明:随着热解温度从300℃升至500℃,生物炭粒的产率从14.93%降至11.75%,生物炭粒的灰分含量逐渐升高,比表面积增大.SEM结果显示,水葫芦与污泥质量比为1:10时,生物炭粒比表面积较大,孔隙结构明显.当水葫芦与污泥质量比为1:10、热解温度为500℃时生物炭粒对Cr3+的吸附量最大,为44.96 mg/g.热力学分析显示,生物炭粒对溶液中Cr3+的吸附以化学吸附为主,且为单层吸附.TCLP试验表明,水葫芦/污泥生物炭粒中各重金属（Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr）的浸出浓度均低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》的限值.研究显示,添加水葫芦能改善生物炭粒的理化性质,使得生物炭粒对Cr3+的吸附量增大,以化学吸附为主,且为单层吸附,水葫芦/污泥生物炭粒浸出毒性较低,可为生物炭类环境功能材料的研制提供选材依据.      

热解温度对污泥基生物炭结构特性及对重金属吸附性能的影响

鉴于污泥基生物炭作为重金属吸附剂的研究还缺乏足够的数据,为探讨不同热解温度对生物炭结构性质及其对水体重金属吸附能力的影响,在缺氧条件下于300~900℃范围内以城市污泥为原料制备生物炭,利用元素分析、比表面积测定、电位测定和红外光谱分析等方法对生物炭的理化性质和结构特征进行表征,并选用900℃生物炭进行了吸附重金属Pb、Cr和Cd的试验研究.结果表明:① 300~900℃缺氧条件下制备的生物炭产率为44.39%~69.41%,污泥呈弱酸性（pH为6.35）,热解后的生物炭呈碱性（pH为7.7~10.58）.② 900℃生物炭中w（H）、w（N）大幅降低,分别比干污泥中减少89.50%和77.16%,而w（C）降低29.22%,固碳作用显著.热解后生物炭比表面积明显增大,700和900℃生物炭比表面积分别达到58.48和87.55 m2/g,最佳制备温度为700~900℃.③ 热解后的生物炭具有大量极性基团,热解温度越高,酸性基团越少,碱性基团含量增多.④ 热解作用使生物炭zeta电位升高,吸附能力增强.⑤ 900℃生物炭吸附Pb、Cr和Cd的最佳pH为7~8,对Pb、Cr和Cd的最大吸附量分别为2.38、2.48和1.16 mg/g.⑥ 各因素对生物炭吸附重金属的影响顺序,对于Pb和Cr表现为生物炭投加量>热解温度;对于Cd,表现为生物炭投加量>pH.研究显示,污泥基生物炭对Pb、Cr的吸附能力高于Cd,影响生物炭吸附行为的主导因子为生物炭投加量,影响Pb和Cr吸附的次要因子为生物炭热解温度,而影响Cd的次要因子为pH.生物炭吸附重金属的主要机理是离子交换吸附、络合反应、表面沉淀和竞争性抑制作用.      

制药污泥热解制备生物炭及对制药废水的吸附处理性能分析

利用制药污泥热解制备生物炭,考察ZnCl₂活化条件对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探究生物炭对制药废水的吸附处理特性。提高ZnCl₂活化剂的浓度和浸渍比均可提升制药污泥生物炭的吸附性能,5 mol/L ZnCl₂活化剂在1:1浸渍比下获得的生物炭的比表面积达到534.91 m2/g,碘吸附值和苯酚吸附值分别达到674.61,119.12 mg/g。制药污泥生物炭对制药废水COD吸附动力学与叶洛维奇模型和拟二级吸附动力学模型较为相符,1 h内为生物炭对COD的快速吸附阶段。制药污泥生物炭投加量的提升,可提高废水中污染物去除率,在50 g/L生物炭投加量下吸附1 h,可实现66.3% COD和61.8%可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的去除。而多级吸附可在较低投加量下实现更好的污染物去除效果,1 g/L投加量下进行6级吸附可去除72.8%的COD和65.2%的AOX。这揭示了制药污泥在ZnCl₂活化条件下热解可制备高吸附性能生物炭,并展现了出色的制药废水吸附处理效果。     

纤维氧化镁改性生物炭及其磷吸附研究

以农业废弃物花生壳为原料,在氯化镁、活性氧化镁水溶液中经陈化、热解得到纤维氧化镁改性生物炭(FMgO-BC).同时,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积分析(BET)等手段对FMgO-BC的组成、形貌进行了表征,并探索了FMgO-BC对磷废水的吸附动力学、颗粒内扩散、等温吸附及竞争吸附.结果表明,制备的FMgO-BC呈多孔结构且纤维状氧化镁交织嵌在生物炭表面,提供了大量的活性位点,同时,FMgO-BC呈规则、分层的孔隙结构,有利于吸附质的传输.在废水pH为3～10范围内,FMgO-BC对废水中磷酸盐具有较高的吸附能力.吸附动力学研究表明,FMgO-BC对磷酸盐的吸附复合准二级动力学模型,对于100 mg·L^-1的含磷废水在1 h即可达到吸附平衡.等温吸附拟合得到FMgO-BC的理论最大吸附量为625.63 mg·g^-1.FMgO-BC的磷吸附机理主要包括MgO质子化、静电吸附、络合等方式.因此,纤维氧化镁修饰生物炭能够显著提升生物炭对于废水中磷的吸附能力与速率.     

农业废弃物基生物炭对水溶液中镉的吸附效果与机制

以畜禽粪便（牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪）为原料分别在300℃和700℃下制备生物炭,以作物秸秆（小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆）为原料分别在300℃和500℃下制备生物炭,利用比表面积和孔径分析仪、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和CHN分析仪等对农业废弃物基生物炭的理化性质、表面结构和元素组成进行表征,研究生物炭理化性质差异和其对镉吸附效果和机制.结果表明,不同农业废弃物基生物炭对Cd²⁺的等温吸附符合Langmiur方程,拟合结果发现随着热解温度的升高,牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪基生物炭对Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别从83.40、19.65和96.74 mg·g^-1增加至106.54、 268.89和164.53 mg·g^-1;而不同热解温度下制备的秸秆基生物炭对Cd²⁺的最大吸附量差异不显著.农业废弃物基生物炭呈碱性,除牛粪生物炭外,灰分含量随热解温度上升而增加.随着热解温度的上升,生物炭孔隙结构变丰富,含氧官能团增加,出现芳香结构.通过定量分析,发现生物炭Cd²⁺总...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.