PVA膜生物反应器去除效果的研究

应用了一种高亲水性的膜材料——PVA膜材料,处理生活污水,在污泥浓度为8000mg/L,HRT为3.5h的条件下,出水COD值维持在20mg/L以下,平均去除率达到93.3%;氨氮去除率达到90%以上;出水SS在1～3mg/L之间,平均去除率达到98.4%,有的甚至能达到100%;出水水质清澈透明,出水浊度平均在0.81NTU,小于1NTU,优于国家饮用水质标准。     

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

Performance of bioferric-submerged membrane bioreactor for dyeing wastewater treatment

Adding iron salt or iron hydroxide to sludgemixed liquor in an aeration tank of a conventional activated sludge processes (bioferric process) can simultaneously improve the sludge’s filterability and enhance the system’s treatment capacity. In view of this, Fe(OH)₃ was added to a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) to enhance the removal efficiency and to mitigate membrane fouling. Bioferric process and SMBR were combined to create a novel process called Bioferric-SMBR. A side-by-side comparison study of Bioferric-SMBR and common SMBR dealing with dyeing wastewater was carried out. Bioferric-SMBR showed potential superiority, which could enhance removal efficiency, reduce membrane fouling and improve sludge characteristic. When volumetric loading rate was 25% higher than that of common SMBR, the removal efficiencies of Bioferric-SMBR on COD, dye, and NH₄ ⁺-N were 1.0%, 9.5%, and 5.2% higher than that of common SMBR, respectively. The trans-membrane pressure of Bioferric-SMBR was only 36% of that in common SMBR while its membrane flux was 25% higher than that of common SMBR. The stable running period in Bioferric-SMBR was 2.5 times of that in common SMBR when there was no surplus sludge discharged. The mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of Bioferric-SMBR was higher than that of common SMBR with more diversified kinds of microorganisms such as protozoans and metazoans. The mean particle diameter and specific oxygen uptake rate of Bioferric-SMBR were 3.10 and 1.23 times the common SMBR, respectively. Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 65–70 [译自: 环境科学]     

Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphor removal in an aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） effect and phosphor removal were investigated in a one-staged aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor on pilot-scale with mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） 19--20 g/L. The effects of DO concentration, sludge floc size distribution on SND were studied. Test results suggested that SND was successfully performed in the membrane bioreactor （MBR） and about 70% total nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved when DO concentration was set to 0.2-- 0.3 mg/L. The main mechanisms governing SND were the suitable sludge floc size and the low DO concentration which was caused by low oxygen transfer rate with such a high MLSS concentration in the MBR. In the meantime, phosphor removal was also studied with polymer ferric sulfate （PFS） addition and 14 mg/L dosage of PFS was proper for the MBR to remove phosphor. PFS addition also benefited the MBR operation owing to its reduction of extracellular polymer substances （EPS） of mixed liquor.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

浸没板式MBR处理生活污水造成膜堵塞的关键因素

采用浸没板式膜生物反应器对大学学生宿舍与食堂混合排水进行处理,试验系统应用A/O工艺,设置硝化槽与反硝化槽,日处理生活污水4 m3.当进水ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(COD_Cr)分别为90～450和120～900 mg/L时,出水ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(CODCr)分别为5～25和8～45 mg/L,去除率均较高.同时对膜污染进行了试验研究,阐述了ρ(MLSS),污泥粒径分布以及原水成分造成膜污染的机理.发现污泥粒径分布随ρ(MLSS)变化而发生改变,当ρ(MLSS)达到20.000 g/L以上时,污泥粒径明显减小,同时可导致膜污染的细微颗粒分布相对增高,这一现象得到ρ(MLSS)超过20.000 g/L时膜污染加剧的试验验证.      

膜生物反应器与传统活性污泥工艺除污特性比较

比较了膜生物反应器（MBR）和传统活性污泥工艺（CAS）在相同运行条件下对生活污水的除污特性.结果表明,MBR系统对COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率比CAS分别高14.4%、51.2%和37.3%.但MBR中膜的截留使系统相对比较封闭,制约了通过排放高磷污泥的生物法除磷,除磷效率仅为32.9%,低于CAS工艺（43.0%）;将MBR与化学除磷工艺相结合,MBR系统除磷效率可达93.3%.     

生物铁法-SMBR性能的研究

为提高膜生物反应器的处理效果和减轻膜污染,将生物铁法与一体式膜生物反应器相结合,提出了生物铁法-SMBR.利用生物铁法-SMBR处理模拟印染废水并与普通SMBR进行平行对比试验.结果表明,生物铁法-SMBR在提高处理效果、减轻膜污染、改善污泥性能方面具有明显优势.在容积负荷比普通SMBR平均高25%的情况下,生物铁法-SMBR对COD、染料和NH₃-N的去除效率分别高1.0%、9.5%和5.2%.在膜通量均值比普通SMBR提高25%的情况下,压差只有后者的36%.在不排泥的条件下,生物铁法-SMBR稳定运行天数是后者的2.5倍.生物铁法-SMBR污泥絮体疏松多孔、呈团粒状、颗粒大,平均粒径是后者的3.10倍,系统中存在大量原、后生动物,污泥比耗氧速率SOUR是后者的1.23倍.     

影响一体式好氧膜生物反应器膜清洗周期的几个因素

一体式好氧中空纤维膜生物反应器不同操作条件下处理生活污水的试验结果表明,在膜通量１０．４Ｌ／ｍ＾２．ｈ）污泥龄２０ｄ,污泥去除负荷（ＣＯＤ／ＶＳＳ）为０．２２ｋｇ（ｋｇ．ｄ）的正常稳定运行条件下,该系统可在整个膜寿命期限内（３－５ａ）不同洗燕得到优质出水;ＣＯＤ〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,无色无味透明,未检出大肠杆菌,其中,污泥去除负荷,系统运行稳定状况和反应器流态是影响膜清洗周期     

泥水预分离MBR膜污染缓减效能研究

通过长期运行实验,进行了泥水预分离膜生物反应器（sludge/water pre-separation membrane bioreactor, S/W-MBR）与传统淹没式膜生物反应器（submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR）对比研究,考察了污泥浓度、胞外聚合物含量（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）及过膜阻力（trans-membrane pressure, TMP）随运行时间的变化规律及其对膜污染的缓减作用.结果表明,S/W-MBR与SMBR生物区的污泥浓度基本一致,而S/W-MBR膜区的污泥浓度较SMBR有显著降低.两者生物区的EPS含量均随运行时间的延长而增加,而S/W-MBR膜区的单位质量污泥的EPS含量始终保持在15 mg/g左右的较低水平.S/W-MBR比SMBR具有更好的缓减膜污染能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,前者的膜组件仅需清洗2次,后者的膜组件清洗了5次.     

Shifts in microbial community structure and diversity in a MBR combined with worm reactors treating synthetic wastewater

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₃-N removal, membrane fouling, sludge characteristics and microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) coupled with worm reactors (SSBWR) were evaluated for 210 days. The obtained results were compared to those from a conventional MBR (C-MBR) operated in parallel. The results indicated that the combined MBR (S-MBR) achieved higher COD and NH₃-N removal efficiency, slower increase in membrane fouling, better sludge settleability and higher activities of the related enzymes in the activated sludge. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the microbial community structures in the C-MBR and the S-MBR. The microbial community structure in the S-MBR was more diverse than that in the C-MBR. Additionally, the slow-growing microbes such as Saprospiraceae, Actinomyces, Frankia, Clostridium, Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Dechloromonas and Flavobacterium were enriched in the S-MBR, further accounting for the sludge reduction, membrane fouling alleviation and wastewater treatment.     

PAC强化MBR工艺处理效果的研究进展

膜生物反应器（MBR）是将膜分离技术与活性污泥法相结合而形成的废水处理工艺。由于MBR具有较高的去除率使其被广泛地应用于废水处理中,但是膜堵塞和膜污染问题依旧是阻碍MBR工艺进一步推广的主要原因。颗粒活性炭（PAC）具有高的比表面积,其较强的吸附能力可有效地缓解MBR工艺运行过程中膜堵塞和膜污染问题。通过总结近年来对膜碳生物反应器（PAC-MBR）的研究进展,分析了影响MBR工艺的影响因素（pH、HRT、SRT、曝气量、SS）,综述了PAC-MBR联合工艺对废水中氨氮、BOD₅、COD、TC、TN、浊度的处理效果。     

Biological treatment of fish processing wastewater: A case study from Sfax City (Southeastern Tunisia)

The present work presents a study of the biological treatment of fish processing wastewa at salt concentration of 55 g/L. Wastewater was treated by both continuous stirred-ta reactor(CSTR) and membrane bioreactor(MBR) during 50 and 100 days, respectively. Th biological processes involved salt-tolerant bacteria from natural hypersaline environme at different organic loading rates(OLRs). The phylogenetic analysis of the correspond excised DGGE bands has demonstrated that the taxonomic affiliation of the most domin species includes Halomonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families of the Proteobacteria(Gamm proteobacteria class) and the Bacteroidetes phyla, respectively. The results of MBR w better than those of CSTR in the removal of total organic carbon with efficiencies from 97 to 98.6%. Nevertheless, salinity with increasing OLR aggravates fouling that requires m cleaning for a membrane in MBR while leads to deterioration of sludge settleability a effluent quality in CSTR.     

Biological treatment of fish processing wastewater: A case study from Sfax City (Southeastern Tunisia)

The present work presents a study of the biological treatment of fish processing wastewater at salt concentration of 55 g/L. Wastewater was treated by both continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) during 50 and 100 days, respectively. These biological processes involved salt-tolerant bacteria from natural hypersaline environments at different organic loading rates (OLRs). The phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding excised DGGE bands has demonstrated that the taxonomic affiliation of the most dominant species includes Halomonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families of the Proteobacteria (Gamma-proteobacteria class) and the Bacteroidetes phyla, respectively. The results of MBR were better than those of CSTR in the removal of total organic carbon with efficiencies from 97.9% to 98.6%. Nevertheless, salinity with increasing OLR aggravates fouling that requires more cleaning for a membrane in MBR while leads to deterioration of sludge settleability and effluent quality in CSTR.     

浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的连续运行性能

厌氧消化是垃圾渗滤液处理的重要技术,常规厌氧工艺在处理过程中存在微生物易流失和出水水质较差等问题。采用厌氧膜生物反应器在中温条件下处理垃圾渗滤液,考察了废水降解性能和膜过滤性能。连续100 d的反应器运行实验表明:在水力停留时间为10 d,COD容积负荷平均为5.63 kg/(m3·d)的条件下,系统运行稳定,平均COD去除率达到92%,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸浓度低于200 mg/L,pH稳定在7.95左右。在膜通量为6 L/(m2·h)下,连续62 d内的膜压增长缓慢,未出现明显的膜污染。批次产甲烷试验结果表明:渗滤液产甲烷潜能达到305 mL/g TS,与连续运行实验296 mL/g TS的产气效果接近,沼气中甲烷浓度可高达70%~80%。产气达到90%和95%的潜能分别用时2.5,3.1 d,说明反应器有进一步缩短水力停留时间的可能性。反应器驯化的厌氧活性污泥对乙酸有较好的耐受性,在乙酸浓度为10000 mg/L时,产气迟滞期仅为1.4 d。综合来看,长期运行厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液具有较好的COD去除效果、运行稳定性和膜过滤性。     

膜生物反应器工艺处理高浓度前处理印染废水研究

膜生物反应器技术是一种新型的膜分离技术与生物处理技术相结合的污水处理技术。试验采用一体式膜生物反应器处理印染废水前处理废水(印染工艺中的退浆、煮炼、漂白、丝光废水)。试验选择外压式聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维微滤膜,膜孔径为0.4μm,壁厚为100μm,稳定状态产水量为10L/(h·m2)。试验研究了沉淀池、膜生物反应器(MBR)、膜组件对废水COD、SS、色度、氨氮等的去除效果;试验探讨了污泥负荷、温度、溶解氧等因素对去除效果的影响。由于盐度高,原水直接进水,好氧生物反应器处理效果不佳,试验采用1:1稀释进水。在系统稳定运行期间废水COD去除率≥70%,出水SS为0,出水无异味。文章还得出了试验的最佳操作参数为T=25℃;HRT=18h;DO=3mg/L;pH:7.5～8.5;MLSS=8g/L。     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的膜污染研究

本文研究的是采用一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水过程中膜污染问题.试验结果表明:运行初期,由于膜孔堵塞膜通量下降速率较快,但随着运行时间的延长,膜通量下降缓慢且趋于一定值,膜污染也基本保持稳定;膜生物反应器处理高效优质,出水水质不受冲击负荷的影响,膜对部分有机物的截留作用使系统对COD的去除率保持在较高水平上,但膜对总磷的去除不明显;污泥沉降性能与膜污染具有相关性,污泥沉降性能的恶化直接加剧了膜污染.     

污水生物处理中抗生素的去除机制及影响因素

环境中的抗生素污染日益严重,其诱导产生的抗生素抗性成为人类健康的重大威胁.通过对世界多地污水处理厂进、出水中抗生素浓度水平的文献调研汇总,发现当前的污水处理工艺不能实现抗生素的有效去除.吸附和生物降解是污水中抗生素的主要去除途径,因此本文深入地分析了吸附的作用机制和不同种类抗生素吸附程度的差异;从生物降解性能、降解菌和降解产物等方面分析抗生素在污水生物处理过程中的生物降解作用;分析讨论了水力停留时间、污泥停留时间、温度和工艺选型(传统活性污泥法、膜生物反应器和生物脱氮工艺)等污水生物处理工艺的运行条件对吸附和生物降解途径的影响,进而解析对抗生素去除效果的影响.菌群组成、生长基质供应情况和微污染物共存情况等因素对污水生物处理中抗生素迁移转化的影响需要更深入地研究.     

电化学膜分离技术在水处理领域的研究进展

水中的有机污染物由于其毒性、持久性和生物难降解性,对生态环境和人体健康造成严重危害。传统膜分离技术通过物理截留去除水中污染物,然而有机污染物、微生物与膜表面的相互作用不可避免地导致膜污染,缩短膜使用寿命。电化学膜分离技术(electrochemical membrane filtration,EMF)是一种集污染物截留和电化学降解双重功能于一体的新兴水处理技术,具有强化污染物去除、抗污染和效能提升的优势,因此在污染物深度脱除和消毒等方面得到了广泛研究与关注。介绍了电化学膜分离技术在水处理中的研究进展,简述了其工作原理和优势,并重点分析了电化学膜材料、反应器运行参数、水质条件的影响,介绍了该技术在污染物去除和水体消毒的应用现状,最后对其发展进行了总结和展望。