不同水分条件和微生物生物量水平下水稻土有机碳矿化及其影响因子特征

稻田土壤常处于频繁的干湿交替过程中,水分条件的改变不仅影响土壤理化性质,而且使土壤微生物群落结构和多样性发生改变,进而影响土壤有机碳矿化速率.然而,不同水分条件和土壤微生物生物量水平对土壤有机碳矿化过程的影响及其机制尚不明确.因此,本研究选取典型亚热带水稻土为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养试验,设置干湿交替和持续淹水这2个水分条件,并通过氯仿熏蒸方法减少土壤微生物生物量,从而获得微生物生物量碳含量高低两个水平的土壤,探讨水分条件和微生物生物量对水稻土有机碳矿化的影响机制.结果表明在培养前30 d,干湿交替处理处在不淹水状态,其CO₂累积排放量显著低于持续淹水处理;30 d后干湿交替处理进入淹水状态,在高微生物生物量碳含量土壤中,其CO₂累积排放量和持续淹水处理的差距逐渐减小,直至78 d无显著差异;在低微生物生物量碳含量土壤中,78 d时干湿交替处理的CO₂累积排放量仍显著低于持续淹水处理.低微生物生物量碳含量土壤在培养初期（前20 d）受其高可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量影响,CO₂排放速率可达高微生物生物量碳土壤的1.1~6.1倍;在培养后期（第45~78 d）土壤有机碳矿化速率达到稳定,高微生物生物量碳土壤的稳定矿化速率比低微生物生物量碳土壤高20%~30%.多元回归分析结果表明,土壤DOC含量的减少（ΔDOC）和Fe²⁺含量的增加（ΔFe²⁺）显著影响持续淹水条件下的CO₂累积排放量的变化值（ΔCO₂）,但对干湿交替处理淹水阶段的CO₂累积排放量却无影响.相关分析结果表明,高微生物生物量碳土壤的CO₂日排放速率在干湿交替处理下与葡萄糖苷酶（BG）活性呈显著正相关,在持续淹水处理下与乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶（NAG）和过氧化酶（PER）活性呈显著负相关;在低微生物生物量碳土壤中,CO₂日排放速率在持续淹水处理下与NAG活性呈负相关,在干湿交替处理下与酶活性无关.综上,干湿交替处理的CO₂累积排放量低于持续淹水处理,且该差异在低微生物生物量碳的土壤中显著;土壤微生物生物量大小会决定土壤有机碳稳定矿化速率水平;可溶性有机碳量和铁元素的还原量影响持续淹水条件下土壤的CO₂排放量;土壤水分条件会影响CO₂日排放速率及其关键生物酶因子.本研究为深入研究水稻土碳循环和固碳潜力提供数据和理论支持.     

水分管理与施硅对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收的影响

为探明水分管理与施硅对土壤砷（As）/镉（Cd）生物有效性、水稻根表铁膜与As/Cd吸收的影响,以贵州省开阳县某砷镉复合污染水稻土为供试土壤,进行了水稻盆栽种植.设5种水分管理模式：全生育期淹水（T1）;移栽到抽穗后三周（0~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（含水率50%~60%）（T2）;移栽到抽穗前三周（0~65 d）淹水,抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T3）;抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T4）和全生育期湿润灌溉（T5）.硅设不施硅和施硅这2个水平.结果表明,淹水/湿润灌溉较单一淹水或单一湿润灌溉更利于根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）的形成,DCB-As/Cd含量随DCB-Fe含量升高而升高;施硅使土壤pH升高,有效As/Cd含量降低,DCB-As含量增加,除淹水处理外的DCB-Fe/Cd含量降低.淹水时间越短,水稻各部位对Cd积累量越高,对As积累量越低.施硅使水稻各部位生物量升高,As/Cd含量降低.其中根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量分别降低4.23%~31.06%、11.41%~52.90%、1.74%~35.73%和19.25%~39.76%,As含量分别降低1.47%~52.60%、6.12%~63.02%、2.97%~28.41%和16.33%~61.23%.5种水分管理中,施硅结合T3水分管理可以实现水稻生物量最高及水稻对砷镉吸收量最小.因此,根据As/Cd实际污染情况合理进行水分管理与施硅可以有效降低土壤As/Cd生物有效性进而减少水稻对As/Cd的累积,实现农田安全生产.     

水分管理对稻田土壤铁氧化物形态转化的影响及其与镉活性变化的耦合关系

稻田土壤水分管理过程中铁氧化物的形态转化对土壤镉（Cd）活性和水稻Cd累积具有重要影响.以西南地区紫色水稻土为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,探讨了淹水管理方式（持续淹水,CW;干湿交替,DW）联合铁氧化物（针铁矿,G-Fe;铁粉,Fe）施用对Cd污染土壤的pH、氧化还原性质（Eh、pe+pH）、铁氧化物形态转化和Cd有效性变化的影响,分析了水分管理驱动下铁氧化物形态转化与土壤Cd活性演变的耦合关系.结果表明CW管理可显著降低土壤Cd有效性,淹水93 d后DTPA-Cd降低了17.7%~39.2%,CW联合Fe或G-Fe施用显著提升了对土壤Cd的钝化效果,其中G-Fe短期钝化效果好,淹水14 d后DTPA-Cd的含量较对照降低24.3%,而Fe则可持续钝化土壤Cd,淹水93 d后DTPA-Cd的降幅为39.2%,干湿交替下施用铁氧化物则对土壤Cd无钝化效应.相关性分析表明,无定形铁（Fe_o）的形成（P<0.01）是驱动土壤Cd有效性变化的主要原因：CW使土壤pH逐渐降低并稳定在7.4左右,且土壤保持还原状态,促进了土壤铁氧化物由结晶态（Fe_c）向Fe_o转化,进而促使Cd由可交换态向铁锰结合态转化,并最终导致Cd有效性降低;CW联合Fe、G-Fe施用显著提升了Fe_o的含量和比例,从而强化了对土壤Cd的钝化效果.研究结果揭示了水分管理联合铁氧化物施用对稻田土壤Cd活性的调控效应和机制,为Cd污染稻田土壤安全利用中水分优化管理和含铁钝化剂施用提供了科学依据.     

不同水分管理条件下添加生物炭对琼北地区水稻土N2O排放的影响

干湿交替会影响土壤硝化和反硝化等N₂O主要的产生过程,频繁的干湿交替在以海南为代表的热带水稻种植地区十分常见.生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂在改良土壤理化性质,减少土壤温室气体排放方面应用广泛,然而当前关于生物炭在琼北地区水稻土频繁干湿交替过程中减排效果研究并未深入.本试验以海南琼北地区典型水稻土为供试土壤,以400℃厌氧条件下炭化的玉米秸秆生物炭为供试生物炭,探究不同水分管理条件下添加生物炭对土壤温室气体排放及微生物相关功能基因的影响.试验设置干湿交替条件下不添加生物炭（AWD1）,干湿交替并添加2%生物炭（AWD2）,干湿交替并添加4%生物炭（AWD3）,持续淹水不添加生物炭（CF1）,持续淹水并添加2%生物炭（CF2）,持续淹水并添加4%生物炭（CF3）共6个处理,进行为期30 d的25℃恒温避光培养.结果表明：①不同水分条件下添加玉米秸秆生物炭均可减少酸性水稻土中N₂O的排放（P<0.05,下同）,AWD3处理N₂O排放总量为0.43 mg·kg^-1,相比AWD1处理减少了68%;②玉米秸秆生物炭在不同水分管理条件下均可以显著提高土壤pH,添加生物炭处理相对于不添加生物炭处理在培养结束后土壤pH平均提高了0.5个单位,同时提高土壤NH₄⁺-N含量,但会导致Eh的降低;③玉米秸秆生物炭的添加显著降低了氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度,显著提高了nosZ基因丰度,降低了（nirK+nirS）/nosZ的比值,抑制了硝化过程,同时促进了反硝化过程N₂O的还原,从而降低了N₂O排放.结果表明,干湿交替过程添加生物炭有利于减少水稻田土N₂O排放,在琼北地区农业温室气体减排方面有较大的应用前景.     

深圳土壤稀土元素的背景含量和影响因素研究

为研究深圳市土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量和空间分布特征,以不受或很少受人类活动影响的基本生态控制线区域作为调查范围,在深圳布设450个土壤表层点位、50个典型剖面点位,应用决策单元－多点增量采样方法采集土壤表层样品500个、土壤剖面样品100个.研究结果表明,深圳市表层土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量范围为23.66~1246.26mg/kg,算术平均值285.99mg/kg,高于中国土壤和广东省土壤;轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素富集,稀土元素的环境背景含量在空间分布上呈现西高东低的特征.深圳市不同土类中稀土元素环境背景含量的95%分位值高低依次为赤红壤 > 红壤 > 黄壤.不同成土母质发育的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量95%分位值大小顺序为变质岩 > 花岗岩 > 片麻岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 灰色灰岩.不同剖面层次的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量的95%分位值大小顺序为底层 > 中层 > 表层;随着深度的增加,深圳市土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量也逐渐增加,呈现底聚型特征.成土母质是影响土壤稀土元素环境背景含量的首要因素,花岗岩发育的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量要明显高于砂砾页岩;不同土类也会影响土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量分布,同一成土母质发育的赤红壤稀土元素环境背景含量要高于红壤.典型相关性分析表明,土壤铁、铝等元素与轻稀土元素,以及锰与重稀土元素的背景含量均呈现较强的正相关关系,土壤pH值、黏粒与稀土元素背景含量存在弱正相关,这也侧面反映了土壤稀土元素对成土母质的继承性.     

水分条件对生物炭钝化水稻土铅镉复合污染的影响

采用培养试验,探究30% WHC、淹水和干湿交替等3种水分条件下,向Pb和Cd污染水稻土以1%添加量施入水稻秸秆生物炭后重金属的形态变化,为生物炭修复重金属复合污染稻田的水分管理提供科学依据.结果表明,添加生物炭后,淹水和干湿交替可显著提高土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和无定形氧化铁含量（Fe_o）.培养结束后,在添加生物炭的处理中,相较于30% WHC,淹水和干湿交替条件下TCLP提取态Pb含量分别下降31.87%和20.33%,TCLP提取态Cd含量分别下降25.29%和16.07%.淹水条件下弱酸提取态Pb和Cd下降幅度分别为24.78%和20.14%,且弱酸提取态Cd含量随时间逐渐降低.在3种水分条件下,Pb和Cd有效性降低顺序为：淹水 > 干湿交替 > 30% WHC.相关分析结果显示,土壤pH和无定形氧化铁含量均与有效态Pb和Cd呈显著负相关,表明淹水条件下添加生物炭可通过提高土壤pH和无定型氧化铁含量来有效钝化Pb和Cd,具有促进复合重金属污染酸性水稻土中重金属向稳定态转化的协同机制.     

不同母质发育土壤Cd环境行为对水分管理模式的响应差异

为探明不同母质发育稻田土壤Cd环境行为对水分管理模式变化的响应差异,通过不同的水分管理模式(长期淹水、湿润灌溉和干湿交替),在3种外源Cd水平下(0.5、 2.0和5.0mg·kg~(-1)),对2种母质发育稻田土壤(黄泥田和麻砂泥)进行培养试验,分析了土壤氧化还原电位(Eh值)、pH值、土壤溶液Cd含量及土壤Cd赋存形态等指标.结果表明,不同母质发育土壤pH值和Eh值对水分管理模式变化的响应存在差异,土壤pH值变化率分别为长期淹水:-2.61%(黄泥田)和2.25%(麻砂泥),干湿交替:-1.96%(黄泥田)和0.52%(麻砂泥),湿润灌溉:-4.08%(黄泥田)和-0.52%(麻砂泥), 2种母质土壤Eh值与pH值呈极显著负相关; 2种母质类型土壤溶液Cd质量浓度随水分管理模式变化规律一致,且该质量浓度麻砂泥高于黄泥田,其均值分别为:1.03μg·L~(-1)(黄泥田), 1.07μg·L~(-1)(麻砂泥);水分管理模式对不同母质发育土壤中有机结合态和铁锰结合态Cd含量影响不显著,长期淹水会促进Cd向残渣态转化,且在黄泥田中这一促进作用比在麻砂泥中强.因此,在应用水分管理调控土壤Cd生物有效性的过程中,需根据土壤母质类型区别实施.     

施氮和水分管理对光合碳在土壤-水稻系统间分配的量化研究

施肥和水分管理是影响水稻生长的两个关键因素,探讨水肥耦合条件下光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统输入与分配动态,对深入解析稻田土壤碳循环具有重要意义.本研究通过盆栽试验,选用籼性常规水稻品种(中早39),采用13C-CO_2连续标记技术,量化研究施氮和水分管理对光合碳在"水稻-土壤"系统中分配的影响.结果表明:施氮增加了水稻地上部干物质重和碳、氮含量,却显著降低了水稻根冠比;干湿交替使施氮条件下的水稻地上部全碳、全氮含量较持续淹水处理分别提高了22%和33%,根系中全碳、全氮含量分别提高了36%、44%,这表明施氮有利于水稻地上部生长,而干湿交替显著促进了水稻根系的生长.施氮显著增加水稻地上部13C含量,与不施氮处理相比增加了32%~83%;施氮使光合碳在水稻地上部的回收率增加6%~32%,在根系的回收率减少18%~59%.水分管理对13C分配的影响表现为:连续标记22 d后,在施氮条件下,干湿交替使水稻地上部、根系13C量均有一定量的增加;不施氮条件下,干湿交替与持续淹水处理相比,地上部13C量减少10.3mg·pot-1,回收率降低了11%~12%;根系13C量增加1.9 mg·pot-1,回收率提高了24%~57%.施氮和干湿交替都显著增加了13C在根际土壤中的累积与回收率.因此,施氮增加了光合碳在土壤-水稻系统中的累积,但降低了光合碳在根系中的分配,干湿交替比持续淹水更利于光合碳向土壤中的传输与累积,水肥耦合管理显著调控了光合碳的传输与分配.该研究进一步量化了水肥管理条件下水稻光合碳的分配及其在土壤有机碳库中的传输特征,为稻田水肥管理、水稻土有机质积累持续机制提供了理论依据和数据支撑.     

广东揭东土壤硒的分布特征及影响因素研究

以揭东区为调查研究对象,采集211个表层土壤样品(0～20 cm)和52个深层土壤样品(>150 cm),测定了区域土壤全硒含量,结合相关性分析、回归分析、地统计分析研究土壤硒的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,揭东区土壤全硒含量变化于0.112～1.315 mg/kg,平均值为0.496 mg/kg,总体上处于中硒及高硒水平,不存在缺硒和硒过剩土壤。区域富集面积达63%,强富集区域主要分布在以花岗岩为母质的侏罗系和白垩系地层区。不同成土母质中,硒富集区域主要分布在以花岗岩为母质的侏罗系和白垩系地层区;不同土壤类型中,花岗岩风化形成的黄壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.729 mg/kg,以花岗岩为母质发育的赤红壤硒含量次之,平均值达0.563 mg/kg;第四系沉积物发育形成的水稻土硒含量最低,平均值为0.408 mg/kg。回归分析表明,土壤全硒含量与铁铝含量、pH具有极显著正相关。影响揭东土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤p H、铁铝含量、土地利用方式及海拔高度对土壤全硒含量分布与富集也有一定的影响。     

典型土壤双季稻对Cd吸收累积差异

用盆栽试验方法研究典型土壤双季稻条件下水稻对Cd的吸收累积差异.选取典型水稻土黄泥田(板页岩母质发育)和麻砂泥(花岗岩母质发育),通过添加不同浓度梯度外源Cd,进行盆栽试验,研究双季稻不同生育期土壤有效态Cd(DTPACd)、水稻植株各部位以及糙米Cd累积情况.结果表明,双季稻晚稻生育期土壤有效态Cd大于早稻,黄泥田大于麻砂泥,其差异性均达极显著水平(P0.01).水稻植株各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)Cd累积量随外源Cd增加和生育期的延长而呈现递增的趋势.不同生育期、不同土壤水稻糙米与植株各器官Cd累积量差异显著,具体表现为:早稻小于晚稻,黄泥田小于麻砂泥.水稻各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)中Cd含量与土壤有效Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系.应用稻米Cd含量预测模型及水稻累积Cd的特征方程推算出土壤Cd安全阈值为:黄泥田早稻0.98 mg·kg~(-1)和晚稻:0.83 mg·kg~(-1);麻砂泥分别为0.86 mg·kg~(-1)和0.56 mg·kg~(-1).不同母质土壤的安全阈值与环境容量不同,其环境质量标准与污染修复控制措施应该有所区别.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.