2006~2019年珠三角地区臭氧污染趋势

研究基于2006~2019年粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen斜率法等统计方法计算了珠三角不同区域臭氧年际变化情况,并分析了变化的原因.结果表明：①2006~2019年珠三角平均臭氧浓度上升趋势显著（P<0.05）,平均增长速率为0.80 μg·（m³·a）^-1.2016年之后,臭氧平均增长速率为2.08 μg·（m³·a）^-1,臭氧浓度增速加快.②珠三角臭氧浓度变化趋势有明显的空间差异和季节差异.中部地区臭氧年均浓度增加趋势显著,外围区域臭氧增加趋势不显著;臭氧增加趋势主要集中在夏季,其他季节变化趋势不显著.③珠三角臭氧变化趋势是由前体物和气象条件共同造成的,特别与NO_x的浓度变化密切相关.2006~2019年珠三角中部区域NO₂浓度明显下降,滴定效应减弱导致臭氧浓度增加;边缘地区NO₂浓度变化较小,臭氧浓度未发生明显的改变.④随着前体物浓度的变化,珠三角臭氧生成敏感区的特征正在发生改变,VOCs控制区面积不断减少,协同控制区和NO_x控制区面积逐渐增加,区域臭氧污染防治需要加强对前体物的协同控制.     

南京江北2014-2016年PM2.5质量浓度分布特征及气象和传输影响因素分析

利用2014-2016年南京江北地区PM_2.5质量浓度和气象要素的小时数据,并结合HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹聚类分析和PSCF法分析了PM_2.5质量浓度的污染特征及其主要影响因素和主要来源特征.结果表明：2014-2016年PM_2.5质量浓度呈逐年下降趋势,下降幅度约为17.40%,由2014年的62.1 μg·m^-3下降至2016年的51.2 μg·m^-3,能见度由2014年的5.8 km上升至2016年6.6 km.PM_2.5质量浓度存在显著的月变化和季节变化特征,1月浓度最高,可达93.0 μg·m^-3;8月浓度最低,仅为38.8 μg·m^-3;冬季浓度最高,可达76.8 μg·m^-3,夏季浓度最低,仅为47.1 μg·m^-3.不同季节日变化均为单峰型分布.气象要素对PM_2.5质量浓度的影响较大,不同相对湿度下能见度和PM_2.5质量浓度具有较好的拟合关系.霾和非霾天PM_2.5质量浓度的阈值为15 μg·m^-3.不同季节的主导气团不同,春季主导气团为偏北气流和偏东气流,占比分别为43.50%和30.80%;夏季主导气团以东部气流为主,占比约为68.22%;秋季和冬季主导气团为来自北方的气流,总占比分别为83.52%和100%;偏北内陆气团PM_2.5质量浓度较大,偏东海洋性气团PM_2.5质量浓度较低.PM_2.5质量浓度潜在源区春冬季潜在源区范围较大,夏秋季潜在源区范围较小,季节变化显著.春季潜在来源主要分布在安徽、江西北部、江苏南部和浙江北部等地区,夏秋季分布在安徽东部、浙江北部和江苏南部等地区,冬季分布在安徽、河南东部,山东和江苏等地区.     

2006~2015年北京市不同地区O3浓度变化

对2006~2015年北京市定陵、官园、琉璃河和前门这4个站点的O₃连续监测数据进行分析,探讨其浓度水平、变化趋势、时间变化规律以及和前体物、气象要素的关系.结果表明,定陵站十年平均浓度水平最高（65.2 μg·m^-3）,其次为琉璃河（53.4 μg·m^-3）、官园（49.6 μg·m^-3）和前门（40.4 μg·m^-3）.定陵O₃浓度呈下降趋势［0.5 μg·（m³·a）^-1］,而官园［0.9 μg·（m³·a）^-1］、琉璃河［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］和前门［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］均呈上升趋势.从月变化来看,各站点O₃浓度最高值均出现在6~8月,出现频次最高的为7月（17次）,平均月均浓度为99.8 μg·m^-3;最低值均出现在11、12月和1、2月,出现频次最高的为1月（14次）,平均月均浓度为16.6 μg·m^-3.从日变化来看,近年来O₃浓度峰值出现的时间明显提前,近3年峰值均在15：00~16：00出现,提前了1~2 h.2015年定陵站O₃重污染天数达到11 d,比2013年增加了10 d,表明近年来夏季北京下风向山区的O₃重污染状况愈发严重.与前体物的相关性分析表明,定陵站O₃浓度与NO₂浓度呈正相关,其余站点两者浓度均呈负相关,暗示定陵站O₃生成的前体物控制区可能为NO₂控制区,而其他站点为VOCs控制区.与气象要素的相关性分析表明,O₃浓度与温度呈正相关关系,与湿度和气压呈负相关关系,温度对O₃浓度的影响最大,其次是气压和湿度.当日最高温度超过30℃,相对湿度介于30%至70%之间时,北京市O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度超过200 μg·m^-3的概率较高,空气质量级别会达到轻度至中度污染的级别.     

莆田地区一次臭氧污染过程分析

利用2018年7月28日—8月5日莆田地区4个环境监测站臭氧逐小时浓度观测资料、莆田国家气象站逐小时资料、莆田地区风廓线雷达站逐小时资料对7月29日—8月4日的臭氧污染过程进行分析.结果表明,除7月30日臭氧最大浓度为193 μg·m^-3外,其余日期莆田市监测站的臭氧浓度小时最大值均超过200 μg·m^-3.本次污染过程在气象条件上臭氧浓度与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,臭氧浓度与两者的相关系数绝对值均大于0.77.边界层上的偏西风和西南风在此次过程中表现出有利于本地区臭氧污染的形成和维持.结合污染物排放资料和后向轨迹分析表明,污染主要成因以外来源输送为主,后向轨迹经过漳州、泉州排放区,本地区排放对污染的贡献较少.莆田市监测站的NO_x与O₃浓度呈正相关的特殊现象是海陆风和山谷风配合地形造成的O₃和NO_x共同堆积和扩散所导致的.     

太原市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节污染特征及来源分析

为探究当前空气质量持续改善背景下重污染地区大气PM_2.5和水溶性无机离子（WSⅡs）的污染特征和季节变化,于2019年在太原市采集了四季PM_2.5样品.结果表明,2019年太原市PM_2.5年均质量浓度为（65.50±30.44）μg·m^-3,水溶性离子浓度的季节特征为：冬季（39.81 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（33.05 μg·m^-3） > 春季（20.50 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（19.62 μg·m^-3）.WSⅡs以二次离子SNA为主,占总离子浓度的76.90%±10.51%,且随着PM_2.5污染加重,SNA的比重显著升高.其中,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-在秋、冬季的浓度最高,这与气态污染物排放增加和二次转化程度的升高（硫氧化率SOR>0.30,氮氧化率NOR>0.10）有关;NH₄⁺、Cl^-和K⁺在冬季的浓度最高,是其他季节的1.2~7.9倍,可能归因于冬季燃煤和生物质燃烧活动的增加;由于春季风速较高,受土壤扬尘的影响,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的比重在春季显著增加为20.2%.春季和夏季为贫氨状态,而秋、冬季为富氨状态,且硝酸盐颗粒物在高湿度条件下的吸湿增长比硫酸盐更为显著.太原市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于二次生成、燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤扬尘.     

2010—2016年上海城区臭氧长时间序列变化特征初探

基于2010—2016年上海城区近地面大气臭氧（O₃）的连续在线观测数据，研究了上海城区O₃长时间序列变化规律和污染特征.结果表明，近7年来上海城区O₃污染逐渐凸显，但总体以轻度污染为主，7—8月高温炎热季节以中度污染居多.城区O₃-8 h（臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均）年均增速为3.81 μg·m^-3·a^-1，99%和95%分位值增速较快，分别为6.65和4.94 μg·m^-3·a^-1；25%、50%和75%分位值的增速在3.06~4.45 μg·m^-3·a^-1之间.春季O₃浓度均值较高，年际变化小；夏季极值较高，且污染超标情况最为突出；秋季O₃浓度次于春、夏季，冬季最低；夏、秋和冬季O₃浓度总体呈上升态势.O₃日变化呈"单峰型"，最大值出现在13：00左右，且峰值逐年增加，污染持续时间变长，最小值出现在早晨7：00.城区O₃"周末效应"逐渐减弱.基于KZ过滤器方法的数据分析结果表明，上海城区O₃-8 h长期变化主要受O₃-BF（O₃-8 h的基准组分）影响；O₃-SF（O₃-8 h的天气影响组分）在5—9月对O₃-8 h影响较大，其范围为-98.85~139.60 μg·m^-3.     

2013-2014年河南省PM2.5浓度及其来源模拟研究

随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）,数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物（NO₂、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明：模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM_2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM_2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%～50%,且在PM_2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM_2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m^-3（贡献比例24%,下同）、20.6 μg·m^-3（21%）和21.3 μg·m^-3（22%）,电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m^-3（7%）、8.7 μg·m^-3（9%）和17.8 μg·m^-3（18%）.受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM_2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m^-3（24%）,在其他地市的贡献为17%～23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m^-3（24%）.电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM_2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%～9%和8%～10%.分析不同浓度下的PM_2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM_2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM_2.5浓度高于100 μg·m^-3期间,达到22%和20%.     

石家庄市挥发性有机物和臭氧的污染特征及源解析

为研究石家庄市挥发性有机物（VOCs）的化学特征和污染来源,于2017年3月至2018年1月取3个国控点进行环境VOCs的罐采样及分析,并结合臭氧（O₃）及气象数据进行相关性分析,采用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）开展溯源解析;为确定夏季O₃的污染周期,利用小波分析研究其时序特征.结果表明,石家庄市采样期间VOCs浓度为（137.23±64.62）μg·m^-3,以卤代烷烃（31.77%）、芳香烃（30.97%）和含氧VOCs（OVOCs,23.76%）为主.采样期间VOCs的季节变化为：冬季（187.7 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（146.8 μg·m^-3） > 春季（133.24 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（107.1 μg·m^-3）,空间特征呈自西向东逐渐增加的格局.监测期内O₃与VOCs、NO₂呈显著负相关,与温度、日照时数、风速和能见度呈正相关.在夏季O₃≤ 160 μg·m^-3时,6月应关注气温开始上升后4~5 d的气象条件变化,而7~8月需关注7~8 d后的气象变动.PMF溯源解析了6个VOCs的来源,依次为：汽油车排放源（24.78%）、柴油车排放源（24.69%）、溶剂使用源（18.64%）、化工生产排放源（11.87%）、区域背景（10.84%）及制药工业生产排放源（9.17%）;其中汽油车和柴油车排放源的O₃生成潜势（OFP）贡献（54.98%）超过一半.因此,石家庄市夏季O₃削减的关键是控制交通及工艺过程源的排放.     

广州市臭氧污染溯源:基于拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型的案例分析

分析了2018年10月初广州市一次为期6 d的臭氧污染事件,利用拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型对广州市的臭氧污染进行了溯源分析,量化了不同区域对臭氧污染的贡献,评估了重点排放区域不同行业和不同前体物减排对臭氧污染控制的效果.结果表明,本次污染事件期间,日最大8 h臭氧均值均超过160 μg·m^-3,最高达271 μg·m^-3,氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）的平均浓度为（77.7±42.8）μg·m^-3和（71.9±56.2）μg·m^-3.芳香烃和烯烃是主要的VOCs反应活性物种,分别贡献了38%和30%的·OH反应活性以及51%和16%的臭氧生成潜势.本次臭氧污染事件主要受3类气团输送影响,3类气团中的高排放区域分别为广东省外、广东省内和广州市本地,在高排放区域中臭氧生成均受VOCs控制.途经区域前体物减排的敏感性分析表明,减排VOCs对于降低臭氧浓度的效果优于减排NO_x.在100%减排情况下控制高排放区域的交通源排放对广州市臭氧控制的效果（臭氧降低14.6%~21.0%）高于控制工业（8.4%~15.3%）、电厂（0.9%~6.2%）和民用源（2.3%~4.7%）的排放,但单独控制交通源在小于90%减排比例下对臭氧污染控制的效果并不显著（<10%）.此外,珠江三角洲地区的生物源排放也对臭氧生成有重要贡献,在模型中关闭生物源排放后,广州市臭氧浓度降低6%~19%.本研究证实了拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型在区域臭氧污染溯源的应用效果,并为广州市臭氧污染的区域协同控制提供了对策建议.     

南京市不同功能区冬季大气PM2.5分布特征及其来源解析

2016年12月-2017年1月,在南京市4类典型功能区（农业区、住宅区、交通干道区、工业区）各选两点,共采集了大气PM_2.5样品32套,测定并分析了其质量浓度、9种水溶性离子（WSIs）、有机碳（OC）以及元素碳（EC）的含量.观测期间,南京市冬季PM_2.5的平均浓度为104.5 μg·m^-3,分布特征为：工业区（116.6 μg·m^-3）>农业区（104.3 μg·m^-3）>住宅区（100.1 μg·m^-3）>交通干道区（96.9 μg·m^-3）;WSIs、OC和EC的平均浓度（/PM_2.5）分别为：53.4 μg·m^-3（51.1%）、11.8 μg·m^-3（11.3%）、8.2 μg·m^-3（7.8%）.农业区和住宅区受WSIs污染较严重且NOR、SOR较高,而工业区和交通干道区的OC、EC污染较严重且SOC/OC较高.进一步运用PMF模型解析,南京市冬季PM_2.5来源为：二次源（37.3%）、工业源（31.2%）、交通源（16.4%）、建筑尘（7.9%）和燃煤源（7.2%）.最后,本文收集了自2000年起南京市冬季大气PM_2.5浓度及其污染来源研究,总体而言,近年来南京冬季大气PM_2.5浓度呈下降趋势,其主要污染源比重也发生了较大变化,燃煤贡献有所下降,而工业和交通排放逐渐上升,且二次污染贡献逐渐突出.今后,控制二次污染源将成为南京市大气PM_2.5治理的重中之重.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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