4A沸石分子筛处理中低浓度氨氮废水

利用天然沸石、采用水热合成法制备4A沸石分子筛,用XRD和SEM进行了表征。通过考察吸附剂用量、pH、共存金属阳离子、吸附时间、氨氮废水初始浓度、温度对吸附性能的影响,结合动力学方程、吸附等温线、热力学函数等研究了吸附性能和机理。结果表明,当4 g/L的4A沸石分子筛在废水pH值为4~8的条件下对中低浓度氨氮吸附120min后,去除率可达88%;废水中共存单一金属阳离子(Pb2+、Cu2+、Ca2+和Mg2+)浓度大于100 mg/L时,对中低浓度的NH+4有强烈的竞争吸附;氨氮的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程、Freundlich模型,是一种混乱度增加、自发的放热过程。     

镇江斜发沸石对氨氮的吸附动力学及热力学研究

采用静态平衡法,开展了镇江斜发沸石对水中氨氮的吸附动力学和热力学研究.结果表明,吸附量随反应温度升高而增加,斜发沸石对氨氮吸附符合Freundlich等温线方程,对氨氮吸附实验数据与准二级动力学模型拟合更好(R2＞0.998),热力学参数吸附焓变△H=18.26 kJ/mol,熵变△S=0.0632 kJ/kmol,对...     

壳聚糖包覆介孔微孔分子筛去除水中的氨氮

以壳聚糖包覆介孔-微孔复合分子筛(CS/MCM-41-A)为吸附剂去除水中的氨氮,研究了反应时间、溶液p H、溶液氨氮初始浓度、CS/MCM-41-A投加量、竞争离子对吸附的影响,分析了CS/MCM-41-A的吸附动力学和热力学特征。结果表明,298 K下,当CS/MCM-41-A投加量为5 g/L,溶液氨氮初始浓度50 mg/L,p H为7,吸附时间为40 min时,溶液中氨氮的去除率达到74.35%,CS/MCM-41-A对离子的选择吸附顺序为Mg2+K+Ca2+Na+。CS/MCM-41-A吸附氨氮符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线更好地符合Freundlich方程,CS/MCM-41-A对氨氮的去除有良好的吸附性能。     

改性树脂对β-萘磺酸的吸附性能

将D301树脂与FeCl3-NaOH体系反应进行改性,制备一种改性树脂作为吸附剂,吸附去除废水中的β-萘磺酸的研究。通过SEM技术对改性树脂进行了结构表征;考察了pH值、吸附时间和温度因素对改性树脂吸附β-萘磺酸的影响:最佳的实验条件pH值为3、反应时间为7 h、温度为298 K,且最大吸附量达778 mg/g。改性树脂对β-萘磺酸的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程;热力学实验数据:ΔG<0,ΔH<0,该吸附过程为放热、自发过程;吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

天然沸石对海水中氨氮的吸附特性

以天然沸石为吸附剂进行吸附海水中氨氮实验研究,考察了沸石粒径、反应液pH值和盐度对吸附效果的影响,对吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨。实验结果表明,天然沸石粒径越小,越有利于其对海水中氨氮的吸附,反应液pH值对氨氮吸附影响较小,但在碱性条件下NH+4能够与海水中的Mg2+、PO3-4反应生成Mg NH4PO4·6H2O沉淀,导致反应液氨氮平衡浓度降低。随着海水盐度梯度增加,天然沸石对氨氮的吸附量呈显著下降趋势。天然沸石对海水中氨氮的吸附是快速吸附、缓慢平衡的过程,吸附过程较好地满足准二级动力学模型。吸附等温线更好地符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,通过热力学计算发现,△G0为负值,而△H0和△S0均为正值,说明天然沸石对海水中氨氮的吸附是吸热易发过程。     

含铝活性炭污泥对磷的吸附特性研究

考察了粒径、pH、温度、磷初始浓度等因素对含铝活性炭污泥吸附磷的影响,确定了其吸附过程的热力学和动力学参数。结果表明,含铝活性炭污泥吸附磷的最佳条件为污泥粒径取1.000~2.000mm,温度取25℃,无需调节pH,磷初始质量浓度小于50mg/L。Langmuir方程或Freundlich方程均可以描述含铝活性炭污泥吸附磷的吸附等温线。热力学参数标准吉布斯自由能变(ΔGθ)0J/mol、标准吸附焓变(ΔHθ)0J/mol、标准吸附熵变(ΔSθ)0J/(mol·K)表明,含铝活性炭污泥吸附磷为自发的、吸热的、熵增的过程。吸附动力学研究表明,拟二级动力学模型能够模拟含铝活性炭污泥对磷的吸附过程。     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法，通过沸石对NH4^ 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验，确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明，在废水浓度pH＝7的条件下，沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到12.96mg/g沸石，且交换容量随pH值的增大而降低；高速低温有利于吸附，低速高温有利于洗脱；处理后污水氨氮含量低于50mg/L，达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据。     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法 ,通过沸石对NH+4 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验 ,确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明 ,在废水浓度pH =7的条件下 ,沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到 12 .96mg/g沸石 ,且交换容量随PH值的增大而降低 ;高速低温有利于吸附 ,低速高温有利于洗脱 ;处理后污水氨氮含量低于 5 0mg/L ,达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据     

钙型天然斜发沸石去除猪场废水中营养物的实验研究

以钙型天然斜发沸石为实验材料,研究反应时间、沸石投加量、pH值、有机物浓度等因素对去除实际猪场废水中氨氮、磷和COD效果的影响。研究表明,钙型天然斜发沸石对实际猪场废水的处理效果良好,在沸石投加量为250 g/L、pH值为8.0～9.0、反应时间为24 h的条件下,钙型天然斜发沸石对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别达到96%、97%和84%。pH值对钙型天然斜发沸石氨氮去除效果影响不大,但对磷和COD的去除效果影响较显著;当pH值由6.0升高至7.0时,磷的去除率由63%迅速升高至93%,pH值为8.0以上时,去除率接近95%;随pH值的升高,COD的去除率先升高后降低,在pH值为8.0时,去除率达到最大,为84%。废水COD浓度对氨氮去除率的影响基本可忽略,但对磷的去除有轻微的抑制作用。采用固定滤柱过滤时,水力负荷控制在375 mL/h以下,氨氮、磷和COD的去除效果较好。     

改性钢渣吸附氨氮和磷的特性研究

利用钢渣与氢氧化铝以4∶3质量配比混合,在700℃下进行2 h煅烧,得到改性钢渣。通过批次吸附实验,研究了改性钢渣在不同初始pH值、振荡时间和温度下对水溶液中氨氮和磷酸根的吸附情况,进而分析了改性钢渣对氨氮和磷酸根的吸附等温线、热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,改性钢渣脱氮除磷能力比原钢渣显著增强,且最适pH值为4～8。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,氨氮(以N计)最大吸附量在10、20和30℃下分别为1.67、2.59和3.24 mg/g,磷酸根(以P计)的最大吸附量在10、20和30℃下分别为1.02、1.19和1.37 mg/g。热力学参数ΔG0、ΔH0和ΔS0表明,该吸附是一个自发、吸热、熵增型反应过程,且磷的吸附是化学吸附为主,氨氮的吸附是以离子交换吸附和物理吸附为主。改性钢渣对磷和氨氮的吸附动力学符合伪二级方程(R2>0.999)。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.