木质素纤维改良黄土抗剪强度的试验研究

木质素纤维作为一种高效且绿色环保的新型改良材料,被不断用于土体改良的研究中.为探究影响木质素纤维改良黄土的因素,采用木质素纤维对青海西宁地区黄土进行改良加固,通过不固结不排水三轴剪切试验并结合扫描电镜试验研究了压实度、木质素纤维掺量和围压对木质素纤维改良黄土抗剪强度的影响规律.试验结果表明:木质素纤维改良黄土的抗剪强度...     

灞河河道疏浚底泥固化力学特性试验研究

为将灞河右岸岸坡综合治理工程中清除的河道疏浚底泥用作滨河沙坑回填处理材料,选用水泥、高分子吸水树脂(SAP)和三乙醇胺(TEA)对河道疏浚底泥进行固化改性处理,并对不同养护龄期的固化底泥进行了室内直剪试验和固结试验,探讨了固化底泥的强度与变形特征.结果 表明:固化底泥的峰值抗剪强度随着水泥掺量的增加而增大,水泥与0.5...     

黄土坡临江1号滑坡体滑带土残余强度试验研究

以巴东黄土坡滑坡临江1号滑坡体滑带土为研究对象,使用环剪仪通过环剪试验研究了滑带土在不同剪切速率、滑带土含水率和法向应力情况下的残余强度特征。试验结果表明:剪切带厚度随着剪切速率的增加而逐渐增加;滑带土的残余强度和峰值强度随着剪切速率的增加均有所增加,且峰值强度增加得更为明显;剪切速率越大,滑带土达到残余强度值的时间越短,但所需的剪切位移则更大;剪切速率对滑带土的影响主要集中作用在降低土的内聚力上;滑带土内聚力随含水率的增加先递增后减,内摩擦角则不断减小;法向应力越大,滑带土峰值强度和残余强度越大。     

三峡库区巴东组岩-土接触面抗剪强度特性研究

以三峡库区巴东组岩-土接触面为研究对象,设计了三种碎石含量(20%、50%和80%)、三种不同基岩(T12b、T22b、T32b)在室内进行了大型直剪试验,研究了碎石土-基岩接触面抗剪强度特性。试验结果表明:碎石土-基岩接触面τ-σ关系曲线分为应变硬化型和应变软化型;碎石土-基岩接触面剪切过程中碎石土中含有的孤石会随着剪切面的起伏发生摩擦、翻滚、平移等物理形态变化,剪切后在剪切面上留下深坑;碎石土-基岩接触面抗剪强度指标c、值与碎石土中碎石含量有关,其内聚力c随碎石含量的增加呈现先递增后递减的趋势,内摩擦角随碎石含量的增加总体呈现递增的趋势;碎石土-基岩接触面抗剪强度指标c、值与选材的地质代表性也有关系,T22b层的紫红色砂岩相对于T12b层和T32b层的灰岩来说具有内聚力c高,内摩擦角低的特点。     

巴东三中滑坡碎石土抗剪强度特征研究

碎石土是介于土体和岩体之间的一种特殊地质体,引起了国内外众多研究者的重视。结合细粒土室内直剪试验,并在大剪试验下研究了不同粗粒含量(20%、50%、80%)、不同含水率(15%、18%、20%)的碎石土抗剪强度参数的特性。试验结果表明:碎石土抗剪强度参数与碎石土中含水率和粗粒含量有关。含水率对细粒土和碎石土内聚力的影响规律是不同的,碎石土内摩擦角随含水率的增加发生了不同程度的降低;随土体密度的增大,碎石土内聚力升高,随粗粒含量的增加,碎石土内聚力会降低;碎石土内摩擦角随粗粒含量增加先降低后逐渐升高;碎石土τ-σ关系曲线中,随粗粒含量的增加,碎石土剪切强度升高;利用线性逼近的方式近似得到碎石土抗剪强度实用计算公式,通过对比计算值和试验值可知,实用公式计算值在一定程度上能够反映该土样的抗剪强度特征。     

废玻璃钢纤维增强粘结砂浆的研究

基于废玻璃钢粉体、废玻璃钢纤维和聚合物之间的协同作用,采用响应面法进行配方优化设计,得到废玻璃钢纤维增强粘结砂浆的优化物料配比为:灰砂比1∶2、聚合物掺量8%(以水泥质量计)、废玻璃钢纤维掺量3%(以总固体量计)。为了进一步改善纤维与砂浆基体之间的界面粘结性能,对废玻璃钢纤维进行表面改性。结果表明:与改性前砂浆试样相比,采用硅烷偶联剂(质量分数为纤维的0.1%)改性后废玻璃钢纤维增强砂浆试样28 d的抗渗压力和粘结强度,分别提高12.42%和10.34%,开裂指数下降74.12%。采用SEM手段对废玻璃钢纤维增强粘结砂浆的微观形貌进行了观察,分析了废玻璃钢纤维对砂浆的增强机制。为废玻璃钢的合理处置,实现物尽其用,找到一条有效途径。     

掺聚丙烯纤维的高强混凝土高温性能研究

高强混凝土的渗透性很低,高温下可能出现爆裂破坏现象,严重影响混凝土及其内部钢筋的结构使用性能。本文通过改变聚丙烯纤维掺量,研究其改善高强混凝土高温爆裂性能,以及高温后高强混凝土吸水率、剩余强度性能及其恢复性能。     

动力工业废物处理与综合利用

X773.05200603013粉煤灰混凝土绝热温升的试验研究/王甲春(沈阳建筑大学材料科学与工程学院)…∥沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版)/沈阳建筑大学.-2006,22,(1).-118~121环图TU-31研究不同粉煤灰的掺量和不同水胶比条件下粉煤灰混凝土的绝热温升和胶凝材料水化速率的发展规律。利用混凝土绝热温升仪测试混凝土绝热温升。在水胶比0.53条件下,混凝土的绝热温升值随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而下降;在水胶比0.25条件下,绝热温升值先随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而增大,当掺量达40%以后绝热温升值开始下降。混凝土中胶凝材料的水化速率峰值随粉煤灰掺量增加而下…     

混杂纤维混凝土高温性能研究

根据近年来对纤维混凝土高温性能的试验研究,分析了纤维对混凝土高温性能的影响,探讨了纤维混凝土在高温下的力学性能及合理的纤维掺量,以期为今后混杂纤维混凝土的高温性能研究及其应用起到指导作用。     

生态复合改性黄土抗水蚀与强度特性试验研究

针对在降雨条件下,裸露的黄土边坡土体极易发生侵蚀,造成严重的水土流失问题,提出采用新型SH固化剂、木质素磺酸钙与水泥生态复合改性加固黄土的治理方法。通过单掺试验,初步确定了三种固化材料对黄土固化效果的影响规律与掺量范围;通过正交试验,确定了适宜黄土边坡植被护坡的复合改性配方的最优配比为0.5%掺量木质素磺酸钙、4%掺量SH和2%掺量水泥,在该配方下固化土的7 d无侧限抗压强度达到了2.43 MPa,满足护坡强度的要求,且耐水性能明显提高;利用扫描电镜试验,对比分析了复合改性前、后固化土的微观形貌结构变化,结果表明水泥水化产物填充孔隙与胶结土颗粒,木质素磺酸钙与黏土颗粒发生离子交换作用,SH高分子链搭接土颗粒且分子链间相互交联,三者共同促进土颗粒形成团聚结构,从而提高了土体的强度和水稳定性。该研究可为生态护坡工程中土壤的加固提供参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.