不同植物覆盖下黄河三角洲湿地土壤中微塑料的分布

为揭示黄河三角洲湿地地区土壤中微塑料分布与植物覆盖的相关性,选择低盐优势物种芦苇（Phragmites communis）和高盐优势物种盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）为研究对象,探讨其生长土壤共计16个样点中微塑料的分布特征.结果表明,该地区植物覆盖土壤中微塑料丰度范围为80~4640 n·kg^-1,粒径范围为13 μm~5 mm,大粒径微塑料成分主要有聚乙烯（PE）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和聚苯乙烯（PS）,其中PET含量为0.22~1.16 μg·kg^-1.芦苇相对盐地碱蓬对土壤中微塑料有更大的阻隔.芦苇生长点位上土壤微塑料丰度和PET含量均值分别为1423 n·kg^-1和0.62 μg·kg^-1,以50 μm以下粒径的小颗粒为主;盐地碱蓬生长点位上土壤微塑料丰度均值和PET含量分别为584 n·kg^-1和0.33 μg·kg^-1,以100~1000 μm粒径的碎片和纤维为主.微塑料丰度与植物生长状况具有显著相关性（P=0.001）.因此,同一区域不同植物覆盖下土壤中微塑料的分布可能会存在空间差异.     

土地利用对洱海罗时江小流域土壤微塑料污染的影响

土壤环境中微塑料污染受到广泛关注,但小流域尺度下不同土地利用方式对微塑料污染影响的认识相对不足.以洱海北部罗时江小流域为研究对象,分析耕地、河岸带、草地和林地土壤中微塑料污染特征,利用聚合物风险指数法评估4种地类土壤的污染风险,探讨土地利用对土壤微塑料污染的影响.结果表明：①罗时江小流域土壤微塑料丰度在220~1 900 n·kg^-1之间,平均丰度为（711 ± 55）n·kg^-1,主要聚合物类型为聚酯（PES,32.52%）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET,21.95%）,粒径集中于0.5~2 mm（61.89%）,超过75%的微塑料为纤维状,颜色以透明为主（58.50%）.②小流域土地利用方式决定土壤微塑料的丰度和污染特征,人类活动强度更大的耕地[（885 ± 95）n·kg^-1]和河岸带[（837 ± 155）n·kg^-1]土壤微塑料丰度显著高于林地[（491 ± 53）n·kg^-1]（P<0.05）,薄膜和碎片状微塑料主要赋存于耕地土壤,微塑料聚合物类型和颜色种类也以耕地土壤最为丰富.③耕地土壤微塑料风险指数等级（Ⅲ级）高于其余3种地类（Ⅰ级）.研究表明,小流域内人类活动强度越大的土地利用方式,其土壤微塑料赋存特征越复杂,聚合物类型更丰富,潜在污染风险越高,应加强对耕地土壤微塑料污染的管控.     

玛瑙河多环境介质和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料的赋存特征

微塑料污染对水生态系统及人类健康危害大,为探究微塑料在不同环境介质中的赋存特征,选择长江一级支流玛瑙河为研究区域,通过现场采样、显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱测定等,对玛瑙河表层水体、沉积物、河岸带土壤和底栖动物铜锈环棱螺中微塑料的丰度、粒径、形状、颜色和组成类型进行了分析.结果表明,玛瑙河表层水体的微塑料平均丰度为（5.9±0.26）n·L^-1;上层沉积物中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（1.35±0.1）n·g^-1,下层沉积物中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.93±0.12）n·g^-1;近河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.68±0.16）n·g^-1,远河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.69±0.14）n·g^-1;铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料丰度为（2.06±0.25）n·g^-1.分析发现,上层沉积物和下层沉积物中微塑料丰度呈正相关;铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料丰度分别与上、下层沉积物中微塑料丰度呈正相关;近、远河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度具有相关性.各环境介质和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料粒径大多<0.1mm,主要形态为纤维状和碎片状,颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,成分主要是聚丙烯（PP）和聚乙烯（PE）.研究发现,河岸带土壤中微塑料主要来源于农用塑料薄膜的破碎和分解.通过多环境介质调查和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料的分析,探明了大型底栖动物体内微塑料的累积效应,可为全面了解微塑料潜在生态风险提供依据.     

汾河沿岸农田土壤微塑料分布特征及成因解析

考察了汾河沿岸农田土壤中小于1 mm的微塑料分布特征及赋存因素.采用传统密度离心法对农田土壤中微塑料进行分离提取,使用体式显微镜观察了微塑料数量和类别等特征,采用扫描电镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDS）表征微塑料的微观形貌,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）对微塑料进行成分鉴定.结果表明汾河沿岸农田土壤中微塑料平均丰度为290.5 n·kg^-1,微塑料包括纤维类、薄膜类、碎片类和发泡类.其中,纤维类微塑料丰度最高,占总量的52.67%,主要成分为聚乙烯.薄膜类和碎片类主要成分为聚丙烯.发泡类成分为聚苯乙烯.汾河沿岸土壤中微塑料丰度整体呈现出下游>中游>上游的趋势.汾河下游段沿岸土壤微塑料丰度高达500.0 n·kg^-1,约是其上游段和中游段微塑料丰度的两倍.随机森林模型分析结果显示,汾河沿岸农田土壤中微塑料的来源与农膜使用量、人口数量、国内生产总值（GDP）和工业生产等密切相关.其中,农用薄膜使用是造成沿河农田土壤中微塑料赋存的最重要影响因素.     

覆膜年限和有机肥施用对花生田耕层土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响

地膜和有机肥料的大量投入已导致我国农田土壤微塑料污染日趋严重.为研究调查山东德州花生农田微塑料污染状况,分析了该区域不同覆膜年限（0、3、5和8 a）和有机肥施用对农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、粒径、颜色和形状等赋存特征的影响.结果表明,覆膜0、3、5和8 a后花生耕层土壤微塑料丰度的平均值分别为65.33、316.00、1 098.67和1 346.34 n·kg^-1.随着土层深度的增加微塑料丰度降低,0～10、10～20和20～30 cm耕层中的土壤微塑料丰度分别为1 076.00、603.50和440.25 n·kg^-1,并且增加覆膜年限和施加有机肥都显著增加了微塑料的丰度（P<0.05）.粒径<1 mm微塑料占总量的77.30%,且随着覆膜年限的增加,小粒径（<1 mm）微塑料占比显著升高（P<0.05）,随着土层深度的增加,其占比亦逐渐增加,施加有机肥对微塑料粒径没有显著影响.微塑料颜色组成以透明（49.77%）为主,其次是黑色（16.35%）和白色（16.27%）,覆膜年限和有机肥施加对土壤中微塑料的颜色影响不显著（P>0.05）,但覆膜年限显著增加了透明微塑料的占比.微塑料类型主要包括纤维类、薄膜类、碎片类、泡沫类和颗粒类,其占比分别为： 49.77%、25.41%、19.15%、3.26%和2.41%.耕层土壤微塑料的主要聚合物类型包含聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚苯乙烯（PS）,分别占总量的21.37%、18.57%和19.77%.由此,山东德州花生田耕层土壤中普遍存在微塑料,且地膜和有机肥施用是其主要来源,这可为花生田耕层土壤微塑料污染物防控提供重要依据.     

长江流域微塑料污染特征及生态风险评价

长江作为我国第一大河流,其流域微塑料污染状况尚未得到全面研究.为此,针对流域尺度建立微塑料综合调查评价体系,以探明长江流域微塑料空间分布与组成特征,解析其影响因素,评价其生态风险.结果表明,研究区域微塑料丰度范围为21~44 080 n·m^-3,平均丰度为4 483 n·m^-3.在其空间分布上,支流高于干流（赣江除外）,其中岷江流域成都段是微塑料检出丰度最高的支流地区.流域微塑料尺寸集中在0~1 mm,形状以纤维和碎片为主,颜色以彩色（有色）和透明为主.进一步引入微塑料多样性指数,发现辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数均能量化流域微塑料特征组成的多样性,但二者变化趋势存在一定差别.回归分析显示,人类活动与微塑料丰度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,8种人类活动因子中民用汽车保有量和旅游收入与微塑料丰度相关性最强,说明交通运输业和旅游业是影响微塑料分布的主要因素.从微塑料的潜在生态风险指数来看,长江流域微塑料具有一定的生态风险,68.97%的区域属于Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级风险区,其中太湖微塑料生态风险应受到更为广泛地关注.     

滇池近岸水体微塑料污染与富营养化的相关性

内陆淡水湖泊微塑料污染受到广泛关注,但与水体富营养化的相关性尚不明晰.在滇池沿岸布设24个采样点,研究了近岸表层水体微塑料丰度、聚合物成分、粒径、颜色及形态,同步测定富营养化相关水质指标并计算富营养化状态指数.结果表明,滇池近岸水体微塑料丰度在800~6000 n·m^-3之间,平均为2867 n·m^-3,检出的聚合物类型主要是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（polyethylene terephthalate,PET）、聚醚型聚氨酯（polyetherurethane,PEU）、聚丙烯（polypropylene,PP）、聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）和聚醋酸乙烯酯（polyvinyl acetate,PVAc）.微塑料粒径以0.2~0.5 mm为主,纤维状微塑料是最主要的检出形态,其次为碎片和薄膜.24个监测点中,处于重度、中度、轻度富营养化和中营养水平的样点数分别占8.33%、58.33%、29.17%和4.17%,主要污染物为总氮（TN）.相关性分析发现滇池近岸水体微塑料丰度与TN质量浓度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与叶绿素a（Chl-a）呈负相关,但未达到显著性水平（P>0.05）,靠近昆明市主城区的北岸水体中微塑料丰度和TN质量浓度均显著高于其他三岸,主要来源于污水处理厂尾水排放.     

海州湾潮间带沙蚕对沉积物微塑料的指示作用

2018年7月于海州湾潮滩设置3个断面共9个站位,通过对海州湾潮滩沉积物中以及沙蚕体内微塑料的丰度和形态特征的研究,探讨了沙蚕体内微塑料的来源,以及沙蚕对潮滩沉积物微塑料的指示作用.结果表明,潮滩沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度为（0.49±0.17） n·g^-1,处于国内近岸环境研究的较高水平.所有检测到的微塑料中,最为丰富的形态和颜色类型分别为纤维和黑灰色,材质以聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）、聚酯纤维（polyester,PET）和聚苯乙烯（polystyrene,PS）为主.沙蚕中微塑料检出率为77.78%~86.67%,平均丰度为（6.68±2.21） n·ind^-1,其丰度与个体质量显著正相关（r=0.42,P=0.002）,个体质量1.5 g以上的沙蚕中微塑料丰度显著高于<0.5 g和0.5~1 g两个组别（F₃=141.029,P=0.000）,微塑料形态以黑色或蓝色小纤维为主,主要材质同样为聚乙烯和聚酯纤维.通过对0~3 mm范围内的微塑料各项特征分析发现,沉积物与沙蚕中的微塑料丰度强相关（r=0.79,P=0.01）,其主要形态组成（r=0.90,P=0.035）和材质组成（r=0.73,P=0.024）同样显著相关,表明沙蚕会摄取沉积环境中的微塑料,存在与沉积物之间的微塑料交换,沙蚕作为沉积物中微塑料污染指示生物物种是可行的.     

南水北调丹江口库区土壤中微塑料分布特征及风险评估

为探究丹江口库区土壤中微塑料赋存特征及影响因素,通过对果园、旱地、水田和湿地进行土壤样品采集,利用密度分选、显微镜观察和拉曼光谱仪测定等方法对土壤中微塑料进行鉴定.结果表明,研究区采集的64个样本均有微塑料检出,丰度范围为645~15161 n·kg^-1.空间分布上,库尾高于库中和库首,且表层土壤（0~20 cm）中微塑料的丰度明显低于下层土壤（20~40 cm）.微塑料主要类型为聚丙烯（26.4%）和聚酰胺（20.2%）,粒径主要集中在50~500 μm之间（75%）,常见形状为碎片状（66.2%）.相关性分析显示,土壤微塑料丰度与土地利用、距水面和住宅的距离、人口密度和土壤性状密切相关.从微塑料污染风险来看,72.1%区域微塑料聚合物污染指数处于Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,丹江口库区存在一定的微塑料污染风险.研究结果可为微塑料风险评估提供支撑.     

北京城市河流河水和沉积物中微塑料的组成与分布

微塑料已经被证实广泛存在于自然环境中,对生物和人类造成潜在危害,进行微塑料的赋存调研有助于了解城市河流河水和沉积物中微塑料的污染现状.以北京市北运河和怀河作为研究区域,共布设了8个水样点位和3个沉积物点位,研究并对比了北运河河水和沉积物以及怀河河水中微塑料丰度、粒径、颜色、形状和种类的组成与分布特征.结果表明,北运河河水中的微塑料丰度为（1941±201）~（8155±1781） n ·m^-3（n表示微塑料个数）,平均丰度为4160 n ·m^-3;北运河沉积物中的微塑料丰度为（120±11）~（268±31） n ·kg^-1.怀河河水中的微塑料污染程度低于北运河河水,微塑料的平均丰度为2357 n ·m^-3.北运河上游河水和沉积物中微塑料的丰度高于下游,具有较明显的空间分布特征;怀河河水中的微塑料分布总体上无明显差异,但相距较远的两点位中微塑料的丰度之间具有显著差异.粒径、颜色和形状的分类统计结果显示,所有点位中微塑料的主要粒径区间为<300 μm;白色/透明微塑料（50.75%~83.91%）最为常见;碎片状（50.00%~95.08%）和纤维状（3.86%~30.00%）是微塑料的主要形态.聚氨酯（polyurethane,PU）和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯（ethylene vinyl acetate,EVA）是所有点位的主要微塑料种类.北运河河水和沉积物中的微塑料可能主要来源于城市建设和经济发展,怀河河水中的微塑料可能主要受到周边村庄和居民日常生活的影响.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.