某厂锅炉水冷壁管两次典型爆管失效案例分析及预防

某厂3台煤粉锅炉自投用以后频繁发生水冷壁管爆管失效,严重影响了装置的稳定运行。为了解锅炉水冷壁管发生频繁失效的原因,对其中两次典型爆管事故进行了详细的检测和分析,分析手段包括:宏观检查、壁厚测量、化学成分分析、硬度测量、金相分析、扫描电镜观察、能谱分析等。通过分析后认为其中一次爆管事故是由于锅炉水介质pH值偏高,锅炉水中杂质元素在水冷壁管表面形成积垢,导致垢下发生碱液浓缩致垢下碱腐蚀减薄导致爆管;另一次大规模爆管是由于锅炉水中漏入酸性介质后导致锅炉水pH值急剧降低,锅炉水冷壁管发生高温氫损伤导致的。基于这两次大规模爆管的失效分析结果制定了详细的改进措施,使锅炉水冷壁管发生类似失效事件的频率大大降低。     

0Cr18Ni10Mo2Ti不锈钢制乙醛精馏塔体表面应力腐蚀裂纹产生原因分析

本文针对0Cr18Ni10Mo2Ti不锈钢制乙醛精馏塔体表面产生的表面裂纹失效现象,在生产设备上截取分析样品,采用显微组织分析、裂纹扩展路径分析及裂纹断裂面的成分分析等方法,对乙醛精馏塔体壳体内表面产生的表面裂纹进行分析,研究表明大量的裂纹产生的原因是在乙醛中混入了具有S、Cl的介质,对壳体钢板表面产生了晶问腐蚀和点腐蚀,进而在工作应力下产生应力腐蚀,形成了应力腐蚀裂纹。     

液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究

由于炼制进口高硫原油,在炼油球罐检验中发现越来越多的内表面应力腐蚀裂纹。对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行分析。从液化石油气球罐的安全性出发,采用线弹性断裂力学方法,针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐所用钢材,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐所用钢材、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行研究,并对设备所采用的材料、所处的介质浓度、材料的热处理状况等进行分析,并提出了防止对策。该方法也适用于液化石油气球罐应力腐蚀开裂,以预测事故的发生。     

一台420t电站锅炉水冷壁管垢下腐蚀试验研究

在对某电厂一台420t电站锅炉检验过程中,发现该锅炉水冷壁管存在结垢现象,水冷壁管垢下腐蚀会对锅炉的安全、经济运行造成影响。通过均匀腐蚀失效试验、氢脆腐蚀失效试验确定其腐蚀原理,并对其腐蚀速率进行了研究。     

煅烧炉水套失效分析

某碳素厂煅烧炉水套，由于内部介质CL^-1、SO4^2-含量偏高，形成局部的缝隙腐蚀，造成该容器失效；对其存在的问题和失效原因进行了阐述和分析。     

低温储罐三通切换阀管件失效分析

在低温储罐定期检验中,发现储罐底部一个三通切换阀管件上存在多处裂纹及泄漏现象。通过对失效件进行宏观检验、化学成分、电镜扫描、金相组织、腐蚀产物能谱、非金属夹杂物含量、显微硬度等进行测试,结果表明：管件材质低于设计要求,管件承受载荷及应力作用,存在CI-等奥氏体不锈钢腐蚀敏感介质,造成该处奥氏体不锈钢管件应力腐蚀失效。     

50MW燃气锅炉水冷壁爆管分析

两台50MW燃气机组锅炉新装投运一年后水冷壁管频繁发生爆管,爆口位置在高负荷区,爆口形貌呈"开窗式"破裂。通过资料查阅、宏观检查、金相分析、硬度测定、化学成分分析、扫描电镜等方法对水冷壁管进行分析,结果表明,垢下腐蚀和氢腐蚀是导致水冷壁管失效的直接原因,汽水品质差是造成水冷壁频繁爆管的根本原因,长期低负荷运行加剧了水冷壁管爆管的发生。     

酸气中和罐泄漏修理与改进

容器防腐不仅要关注由介质腐蚀决定的选材问题,而且还要注意应对冲蚀的结构问题,而工艺介质的组分也应符合耐蚀选材的工况要求。在修理过程中,通过分析发现罐底泄漏是由于酸气中和程度不理想而引起的酸性腐蚀,而冲蚀则加剧了壁厚腐蚀减薄,导致容器提前在设计使用年限内发生腐蚀泄漏失效。建议中和罐在加厚罐底的同时,增加降液管的防冲结构,并且从工艺防腐角度合理调配中和用碱液浓度与量值,以达到酸气的中和效果。     

排污管裂口失效分析

某生物科技有限公司与溶剂罐相连的排污口发生破裂,导致介质泄露,引发爆炸事故。本文通过宏观检查、排污管化学成分分析、金相组织分析、扫描电镜观察、能谱分析、水质分析等方法,对排污管的破裂原因进行了分析。分析结果表明:生产过程中产生的有机酸和水进溶剂罐并在排污封头和排污管内聚集,形成酸性溶液,构成了电化学腐蚀环境。由于焊缝热影响区的自腐蚀电位较其他部位偏低,在电化学腐蚀环境中热影响区的金属作为电化学原电池的阳极,优先发生腐蚀,在焊缝两侧形成腐蚀沟槽,最终穿透管壁发生泄漏。     

循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管的腐蚀失效分析

针对某高压循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管底部弯管处爆管原因进行失效分析,通过对爆管管段进行宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能分析、腐蚀产物分析、金相分析以及运行期间水质化验记录调查,表明锅炉水质p H偏高时在密相区弯管处向火侧内壁发生碱浓缩引起碱腐蚀,弯管处存在的残余应力在强碱性环境下引起碱应力腐蚀,两者共同作用导致了本次爆管的发生。加强水质监控和消应力处理可有效防止碱腐蚀和碱应力腐蚀。     

储氧球罐进出气阀对接法兰开裂情况监控及失效分析

通过化学成分、金相、断口及能谱分析等手段,对储氧球罐进出气阀对接法兰开裂失效的原因进行了分析.分析结果表明,法兰开裂为高锰奥氏体不锈钢材质法兰的沿晶脆性断裂,高锰奥氏体不锈钢不适合作为高颈法兰用钢.     

换热器不锈钢换热管束开裂原因分析

一台换热器换热管束发生了开裂泄漏.采取全面检验的方式,通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、断口微观形貌和能谱分析、金相分析等方法,对换热管开裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:该换热管开裂为氯化物应力腐蚀开裂.壳程介质循环冷却水中CI元素含量是应力腐蚀开裂的主要因素,结构缺陷、敏感的工作温度区间、水中溶解氧和含S杂质导致了应力腐蚀的快速发展.     

A failure analysis of fillet joint cracking in an oil storage tank

This paper has studied failure of an oil storage tank. During operation, several cracks were observed at the fillet weldment between reactor shell and annular plates in the bottom of oil storage tank. Extreme stresses in the structure during its operation were determined taking into account shape and geometry imperfections as well as corrosion influence. Both reactor shell and annular plates are made of carbon steel (SM53C). In this study, in order to identify the causes for the fillet weldment cracking, failure analysis such as fractography, tensile test, hardness test, corrosion test(SSRT), chemical analysis was performed. The failure of oil storage tank is the result of the combined and synergistic interaction of mechanical stress and corrosion reactions. Although cracks were initiated by corrosion, failure was generated by propagation of crack caused by stresses concentration. It was recommended that (1) the local stresses be reduced by improved weld toe geometry, and (2) the reinforcement be used in order to avoid failure by stresses concentration.     

A mathematical model of crevice corrosion for buried pipeline with disbonded coatings under cathodic protection

Crevice corrosion occurs in a holiday and disbonded region between coating and pipeline steel. Cathodic protection (CP) is generally recognized as the most effective method for corrosion prevention of pipeline, but its effectiveness may be reduced at defects in a disbonded coating. It is difficult to measure and probe corrosion parameters accurately based on experimental work. Therefore, a mathematical model is necessary to identify the phenomena and mechanisms that contribute to the crevice corrosion process. In this work, a mathematical model was developed to determine the evolution of chemical and electrochemical transient processes of crevice corrosion in NaCl dilute solution, and the effect of cathodic protection and crevice width on corrosion of 20# steel pipeline with disbonded coatings. Results have demonstrated that the extent of crevice corrosion depends on the crevice geometry and could be influenced by the increase of crevice depth and decrease of its width. The oxygen concentrations drop significantly inside a crevice whether CP is applied or not and whether crevice width decreased or not. The pH values and conductivity of crevice solution increase with the time. The research provides a theoretical foundation for cathodic protection of pipelines and establishes an effective corrosion model which can identify the phenomena and mechanisms of the crevice corrosion process. This work could be used to help mitigate the corrosion failure of pipelines to prevent catastrophic accidents in oil, gas and chemical process industries.     

天然气管道局部等效应力及塑性变形评估

为了研究腐蚀及地面运动对埋地天然气管线安全性的协同影响,以X80管道为研 究对象,模拟腐蚀缺陷及土壤力作用于管道之上,利用有限元方法对有腐蚀缺陷与预应 变情况下的管道局部等效应力及塑性变形进行评估,结果表明腐蚀缺陷的深度对局部应 力和应力分布影响非常明显,在失效压力预测中起着决定性作用。随着腐蚀深度的增加 ,应力集中增强,导致内表面和外表面的等效应力大小进一步分化,腐蚀深度的增加对 管道内表面的等效应力的影响很大,但对有效塑性应变的影响却不大。模拟管道上施加 有纵向应变的土壤力,不论拉伸与压缩的情况下,都会降低管道的失效压力,在施加拉 伸预应变下的管道失效压力小于压缩预应变下的。塑性变形首先发生在外表面处,并扩 展到腐蚀缺陷相邻区域,管道内表面也具有一定的塑性变形,但强度低。     

电站锅炉水冷壁和过热器爆管分析

采用宏观形貌分析、化学成分分析、金相显微组织分析、材料力学性能测试、SEM微观形貌分析等手段,对某电站锅炉水冷壁管和过热器管破裂进行了分析。结果表明,热（硫）腐蚀导致的过热器管局部穿孔破裂,以及泄漏产生的高温水汽流对水冷壁管的,中刷磨损是爆管的主要原因,过热器管补焊点的再次泄漏是本次事故的直接原因。     

Safety and reliability assessment of external corrosion defects assessment of buried pipelines—soil interface: A mechanisms and FE study

Due to local liquid accumulation (AL) in the low-lying section of the buried natural gas pipeline, external corrosion will occur at the interface between the pipeline and the soil. External corrosion will produce pit defects, which will reduce the bearing capacity of the pipeline and affect the normal operation of the pipeline. In addition, corrosion group defects can interact with each other. Thus, the service life of the pipeline is seriously affected. In this work, a case of local corrosion failure of the pipeline caused by liquid accumulation on-site is presented. The importance of this work is verified by experiment and field excavation. Besides, based on the Mises-Stress yield criterion, nonlinear analysis was carried out with the finite element method (FEM). The effects of internal pressure, corrosion pit defect size, internal and external wall corrosion, corrosion pit group, and different types of volumetric corrosion pit defects on the failure of L360QS steel pipe were analyzed with consideration of the effects of axial and circumferential zones of corrosion pits. These correlations have not been seen in previous studies. The FE results make up for the disadvantage that the corrosion is simplified to equal depth corrosion in the code, which will underestimate the residual strength of the actual corroded pipeline and lead to unnecessary repair or replacement. The results provide a reference for failure analysis and strength evaluation of buried L360QS steel pipe with corrosion defect.     

304L不锈钢废水管线腐蚀泄漏失效分析

某304L不锈钢废水管线使用30天左右即发生腐蚀泄漏。采用宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验、电镜观察、三氯化铁试验等分析方法,对该废水管道的腐蚀泄漏进行失效分析。分析结果表明,该不锈钢管线所通的废水中含有高浓度的Cl^-,且试运行后一直未使用,最终在管内残留废水的作用下发生了点蚀穿孔。     

发酵罐不锈钢换热盘管泄漏失效分析

通过失效现场情况了解、宏观检查、材质分析、金相检验、电镜观察、能谱分析及冲击断面分析等研究06Cr19Ni10发酵罐盘管失效原因。结果显示由于发酵罐盘管材质熔炼工艺不恰当,固溶处理不当,冷却循环水中Cl^-含量超标,焊缝热影响区、管材母材区大面积发生不同程度晶间腐蚀,局部点蚀穿孔。建议对用于设备重要部位或对生产工艺有重大影响的,且服役环境存在晶间腐蚀倾向的不锈钢,增加耐晶间腐蚀检测。快速识别伪劣不锈钢检测手段亟待增强。