消防工程教育与课程体系探讨

在探讨消防工程科学研究领域的基础上 ,对消防工程教育目标及消防工程与其他学科的关系、消防工程师的基本职业技能以及消防工程学的课程体系进行了论述 ,并提出了新世纪里消防工程学进一步发展所面临的挑战。消防工程的科学研究领域主要包括火灾物理、火灾化学、建筑结构火灾特性、人与火灾的相互影响、火灾风险分析以及消防设计与管理等方面。消防工程教育的目标在于培养能够解决消防安全问题的工程师。能够进行火灾危险性分析、具备消防系统设计计算能力以及能够进行火灾风险综合分析是消防工程师的三大基本职业技能。由于消防问题的复杂性与跨学科性 ,消防工程作为一门新兴的交叉性学科 ,其发展和完善需要建立以科学原理和研究理论为基础的知识体系。     

建筑火灾事故的对策研究

分析了导致建筑火灾事故损失的因素,对建筑火灾事故的对策进行了讨论,提出以管理为纲、技术为手段,来构架建筑防火安全体系。该体系强调了安全管理工作的主导地位,强调了对象安全态势的时序关联性和动态特征,实施以预先危险分析为依据的动态防火安全管理,即从安全系统的角度来认识和解决建筑防火安全问题。     

Decision analysis on fire safety design based on evaluating building fire risk to life

This study presents a framework of decision analysis on fire safety design alternatives based on evaluating building fire risk to life. A probabilistic risk assessment method for occupant life is presented with consideration of some uncertainties of evacuation process and fire development at first. For occupant evacuation time assessment, occupant pre-movement time is characterized by normal distribution. For onset time to untenable conditions assessment, its uncertainty is considered as probability distribution according to the range of design fires. Based on event tree technique, probable fire scenarios are analyzed with consideration of the effect of fire protection systems, employees extinguishing, etc. It is difficult to make a precise assessment on probability and consequence of every fire scenario, but their lower bound and upper bound can be achieved based on statistical data. Therefore, Supersoft Decision Theory [Malmnäs, P.E., 1995. Methods of Evaluation in Supersoft Decision Theory. Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University, 365 Stockholm; Johansson, H., Malmnäs, P.E., 2000. Application of supersoft decision theory in fire risk assessment. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 14, 55–84] that allows decision maker to utilize vague statement is utilized to integrate with risk assessment to make decision on different fire safety design alternatives. To express how to make decision on different fire safety design alternatives based on evaluating building fire risk to life, two hypothetical fire safety design alternatives for a commercial building are presented.     

静电喷漆作业的防火防爆

静电喷漆工艺应用普及很快,但其生产过程的火灾危险性属甲类。其火灾危险主要在于使用的漆料或有机溶剂,喷漆作业中存在电火花、静电火花、高温热表面、自然发热等引火源。为防止火灾爆炸发生,要注重防火防爆安全管理和强化必要的安全技术措施。     

北京西单文化广场的火灾安全评价与管理

以火灾危险辨识、危险评价方法和人员培训手段相结合 ,提出了北京西单文化广场火灾安全评价与管理的总体思路 ;分析并说明了火灾危险评价中火灾模型的选取、确定几种极限情形需要考虑的主要因素以及人员疏散策略有效性的衡量等关键问题 ;同时给出了人员培训的详细内容。本文为受限空间类城市公共场所的安全评价与管理提供了一种可供参照的研究模式     

New approach to calculate the probability of ignition

The probabilistic approach to the evaluation of fire hazard and the effectiveness of fire-precaution measures enables a rational response to the randomness of fire outbreaks. This article employs the statistical analysis methods to elucidate the causes for the ignition of fire on a random sample of industrial buildings in the Republic of Slovenia. The analyses are based on the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which is a well established and important statistical analysis technique in the fields of social science, biology, psychology and medicine, but hitherto rarely applied in safety research. The results of the study demonstrate that for the analyzed random sample of industrial buildings the frequency of fire outbreaks statistically significantly depends only on the presence and the probability of exposure to the heat sources (flames, sparks, and hot surfaces), but does not significantly depend on the available quantity of flammable materials within the industrial structure.     

Fire and explosion assessment on oil and gas floating production storage offloading (FPSO): An effective screening and comparison tool

Fires and explosions have been identified as major potential hazards for Oil and Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO) installations and pose risk to personnel, assets, and the environment. Current fire and explosion assessment (FEA) tools require physical effect modeling software and follows standards from API, ISO, and engineering practices. However, the tools are not specific to any particular system such as an FPSO, and do not provide comprehensive guidance for safety engineers to perform FEA.This paper discusses the development of a screening and comparison tool for FEA on FPSOs and the incorporation of an expert system into the tool. The results are computerized using MS Excel/VBA to provide a structured and comprehensive assessment on each equipment and module handling natural gas, crude oil, methanol and diesel on FPSO topsides.This tool features built-in calculations for jet and pool fire size estimation for gas/liquid releases, and the ability to perform Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) to specify the personnel and equipment risk for varying leak sizes and process conditions. Control and recovery measures are incorporated as an expert system based on report findings, engineering practices, and relevant standards. Bowtie analysis is applied in the tool to define detailed control and recovery measures for the FPSO based on the incident scenarios. An explosion assessment is performed by incorporating physical effect modeling software results.Unique features provided in the tool include fire and radiation contour mapping on an FPSO layout to help determine personnel and equipment risk more accurately and fire pump sizing that can be used to verify the amount of water deluge system required to mitigate fires and explosions. In addition, flexibility of data input (process data, failure rate data, etc.) and user interfaces assist safety engineers to screen and compare process alternatives, check design quality, and evaluate design options at any design stage.     

Integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering for better safety performance

Since the inception of the process industries, there have been a great number of process incidents causing significant loss of life and property damage. Even the establishment and implementation of a series of rigorous regulations has not prevented the occurrence of process incidents. In order to protect people, property and the environment a more robust safety program is needed and the safety performance of process industries must continue to improve. In this work, the common ground and the unique characteristics of process safety engineering (PSE) and fire protection engineering (FPE) is reviewed to demonstrate the potential benefits of unifying the two fields or improving the coordination between them to create a more robust safety program, thereby enhancing the safety performance of process industries. Recommendations are made to facilitate and encourage continued discussion and efforts toward the integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering.     

基于事故树方法与三角模糊理论耦合的城市火灾风险分析

以消防安全工程学与系统安全工程理论为基础,结合我国城市发展特征及消防安全管理状况,建立城市区域火灾风险事故树;应用模糊重要度法对事故树基本事件进行排序,把导致火灾的因素进行模糊分级。从模糊概率排序以及分级可以看出,城市区域布局、移动消防力量以及人员素质是制约火灾风险的3个主要因素,并与历年来我国城市火灾发生的主要原因相吻合。笔者认为,要从根本上控制城市火灾风险,严格管理3个主要因素对于我国的城市消防安全管理有着非常积极的意义。     

Assessing safety management systems

Traditionally, both academe and practitioners have tended to address fire safety by focusing on technical aspects and looking for the immediate causes of fire incidents or accidents after they have taken place. More recently, organisations have focused on assessing the consequences of the fire risk inherent in their operations pro-actively. However, fire safety still tends to be addressed in isolation, though fire loss is an emergent property. An organisation's emergent property results from the interrelated activities of people who design it, manage it and operate it. There is still a need for a systemic approach to understand the systemic nature of fire safety. This paper describes a fire safety management system (FSMS) model that aims to maintain fire risk within an acceptable range in an organisation's operations in a coherent way. This systemic approach can be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the effectiveness of existing safety management systems (SMS). It is hoped that this approach will lead not only to more effective management of fire safety, but also to more effective management of safety, health and the environment for any organisation.     

建筑大空间火灾模拟及升温计算简单公式

钢结构经常用于建筑大空间环境。因为使用和功能要求,建筑大空间内通常无法设置防火墙来阻止火灾的水平传播,而是通过设置燃烧岛、防火舱及防火隔离带等措施将可燃物限制在一定区域内。大空间内可能的火灾为区域火灾。给出了模拟大空间火灾的理论模型和升温计算简单公式。公式基于火羽流相关理论,并引入工程相关常数得到。通过工况分析,考察了两种不同火灾场景,公式的计算结果与场模拟软件FDS结果进行了比较,二者符合良好。所给出的公式形式简单,式中参数的物理意义明确,推荐用于实际工程计算。     

白酒厂类火灾高危单位消防安全评估及应用

白酒厂属于典型的甲乙类火灾高危单位,具有火灾风险高、火灾扑救难度大、火灾造成伤亡大等特点。以白酒厂类火灾高危单位为研究对象,针对酒厂酒库、原酒车间、成品库、包装车间、包装材料库、办公楼等重点部位,通过深入调研,采用安全检查表法分析某白酒厂存在的火灾安全隐患及安全管理的薄弱环节,用层次分析法建立了该白酒厂的消防安全评估指标体系,主要包括建筑火灾风险、消防救援力量和消防给水几个方面。采用专家打分法赋予评估指标权重,并根据风险等级划分得出该酒厂的整体火灾风险评估等级,进而评判该酒厂的安全状况,针对存在的火灾隐患及薄弱环节采取有针对性的预防措施和有重点的整改管理,保障其安全生产。     

基于神经网络和遗传算法的城市火灾风险评价模型

以消防安全工程学与系统安全工程理论为基础,结合我国城市发展特征及消防安全管理状况,建立了城市区域火灾风险评价指标体系;针对神经网络易陷入局部极小而引起评价指标权值分布不合理的缺陷,提出了基于神经网络和遗传算法的城市火灾风险评价模型,该模型以火灾发生的可能性以及灾后的严重程度为输入单元,火灾风险等级为输出单元,采用误差反算法训练BP网络,最终得出火灾风险等级范围,有效地解决了城市火灾的动态性和非线性特征;研究实例证明了该模型的有效性,可为城市的消防安全管理提供确实可行的参考依据。     

高层住宅楼小天井与外廊结构的消防安全问题研究

高层住宅楼已经成为城市建筑中最主要的建筑形式,高层住宅楼的小天井由于具有采光、通风功能又可以节省占地面积而受到开发商和用户的青睐。高层住宅楼采用小天井和外廊结构可能带来的消防安全问题,给城市的消防安全管理增加了不确定因素。采用数值模拟的方法构建了采用小天井与外廊结构的高层住宅楼火灾场景,并开展现场热烟试验,研究了小天井与外廊结构的火灾危险性,对采用防火玻璃分隔方法的可行性进行了论证。研究结果显示,采取使用防火玻璃将小天井和外廊进行分隔的消防措施,不利于外廊烟气的排放和人员疏散。     

Developing a new fuzzy inference system for pipeline risk assessment

The problem of less and/or even lack of information and uncertainty in modeling and decision making plays a key role in many engineering problems; so that, it results in designers and engineers could not reach to sure solutions for the problems under consideration. In this paper, an application of the fuzzy logic for modeling the uncertainty involved in the problem of pipeline risk assessment is developed. For achieving the aim, relative risk score (RRS) methodology, one of the most popular techniques in pipeline risk assessment, is integrated with fuzzy logic. The proposed model is performed on fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB^® using Mamdani algorithm based on experts' knowledge. A typical case study is implemented and a comparison between the classical risk assessment approach and the proposed model is made. The results demonstrate that the proposed model provides more accurate, precise, sure results; so that, it can be taken into account as an intelligent risk assessment tool in different engineering problems.     

消防科学技术发展历程回顾及火灾科学与消防工程学科体系探讨

在回顾消防科学技术发展历程的基础上 ,论述了火灾科学与消防工程学科体系与分类。火灾科学与消防工程学是一门以火灾发生与发展规律及其预防与扑救技术为研究对象的新兴交叉性学科。其具备火灾学、消防技术和消防工程所形成的完整知识体系 ;其下属的子学科包括火灾学、防火工程、灭火工程、消防管理工程、灭火指挥工程、火灾原因调查技术及其他相关学科。大力开展火灾科学与消防工程学科体系领域的研究 ,推进消防科学技术学科建设 ,是社会进步与科技发展的必然 ,也是加入WTO后保证经济国际化发展的客观要求。     

多因素耦合作用下建筑火灾后加固施工过程风险性评估

为降低火灾后建筑结构加固施工过程中事故的发生率,保障加固施工作业过程的 安全,针对我国建筑火灾后加固施工项目的特点,构建了多因素耦合作用下的基于熵权 -未确知测度理论的建筑火灾后加固施工过程风险性评估模型,并将模型应用于五个工 程实例中,取得了良好的效果。研究结果表明,该模型是熵权理论、未确知测度理论的 的有机结合,为定量研究建筑火灾后加固施工过程安全风险,并有效的控制安全风险, 确保施工安全提供了新的思路。     

道氏火灾爆炸指数评价法及应用

道氏火灾爆炸指数评价法应用于确定物质、设备及作业场所潜在危险性的原理和步骤,定量计算事故可能导致的危害程度和停产损失。为事故的预测和防范提供了科学依据,为安全生产管理评价工作提供了独特的评价方法     

五店市历史传统街区建筑群防火间距研究

针对执行现行消防技术标准与保留传统建筑风貌的矛盾,以晋江五店市传统街区为对象,采用数值模拟方法研究不同楼间距对相邻建筑所受火灾辐射热流的影响规律,对街区内的典型建筑防火间距进行重新评估,使其既满足历史街区风貌保护要求,又能达到预防火灾的目的。     

底层设有商业服务网点的高层居民住宅楼 消防安全问题研究

高层建筑已经成为城市建筑中最主要的建筑形式,底层设有商业服务网点的高层居民住宅楼由于兼具商业和居住的功能而受到开发商和用户的青睐。由于对底层商业服务网点的使用需求不同进行的改建、扩建带来的较为突出的消防安全问题,给城市的消防安全管理增加了不确定因素。采用数值模拟的方法构建了底层商业服务网点改扩建后的火灾场景,研究了此类场所改扩建后的火灾危险性,对增设自动喷水灭火系统的消防设计方法可行性进行了论证。模拟结果显示,仅在改扩建网点增设自动喷水灭火系统可以达到阻止火灾蔓延并扑灭火灾的安全要求。