巢湖流域非点源污染来源、影响及控制研究

巢湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,其生态环境安全问题十分突出。随着流域内工业废水和城市污水等点源污染改善的同时,来自农业活动、生活垃圾等的非点源污染成为巢湖水环境污染、湖泊富营养化的重要影响因素。本文分析了,巢湖流域非点源污染的主要来源及其对生态环境所造成的影响,在此基础上进一步概括当前控制巢湖流域非点源污染的主要管理措施。     

BMPs在千岛湖流域农业非点源污染控制中的应用

农业非点源污染是最主要的一类非点源污染，也是成为构成目前水质环境恶化的一大威胁。通过对千岛湖流域农业非点源污染现状进行调查，指出非点源污染已成为千岛湖流域重要的污染来源。最佳管理措施（BMPs）通过工程措施、耕种措施和管理措施共同作用控制农业非点源污染，可以取得良好的经济环境效益。根据千岛湖流域农业非点源污染特点，针对性地提出各类非点源污染控制的最佳管理措施。     

流域非点源污染关键影响因素识别分析

了解和掌握影响流域非点源污染的关键因素及影响途径,是科学识别和估算非点源污染负荷,合理制定和实施流域非点源污染控制措施的基础。非点源污染主要来源于流域内土壤中富集的氮、磷物质或者地表残留物,上述污染源产生过程主要与流域地质地貌(地形)、水文、气候、土壤、土地利用、农田管理及其它人类活动等密切相关。为此,就水文水资源特征、气候因素中的降雨与温度、土壤主要物理和化学性质、地表覆被类型及覆盖度、土地利用及分布格局、农田管理制度及人类活动因素等对流域非点源污染的关键因素及水环境影响进行了较为深入的识别和分析,明晰了各类因素的影响途径和过程机制。     

SWAT模型在茫溪河流域非点源污染研究中的应用

本研究采用美国农业部农业研究所开发的SWAT模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对茫溪河流域非点源污染进行了模拟研究,构建了适用于茫溪河流域的非点源污染模型,对流域的非点源污染进行了模拟和分析。模拟结果显示:茫溪河流域污染特征以非点源污染为主;东茫溪河水系的泥沙、氮、磷等负荷均大于西茫溪河水系;单位泥沙负荷最大的区域为流域东北部、东部和东南部一带的深丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要泥沙输出区;氮、磷负荷最大的区域为茫溪河中下游一带的平坝、浅丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要氮、磷输出区;研究区内泥沙、营养物质的输出具有很强的时间规律,有机氮、有机磷的输出在雨季(6月~9月)会出现高峰,因此雨季是流域内非点源污染源输出的重点时段。     

基于GIS的农业非点源污染负荷时空分异研究——以宁波市章溪河流域为例

应用基于CIS AreView的AnnAGNPS模型，进行了宁波市章溪河流域的非点源污染负荷的时空分异研究。结合航片解译，利用ArcGIS9．0、TOPAZ模块等建立了研究区非点源污染空间数据库；结合现场资料、相关文献收集，并利用模型参数的CIS提取技术，建立了研究区非点源污染属性数据库。结果表明：在空间分布上，各子流域吸附态氮空间分异较大，溶解态磷的空间分异最小，不同土地利用类型中林地和果园相比农田非点源污染负荷小，不同土壤类型中，水稻土比黄壤和红壤的污染负荷大；在时间分布上，非点源污染负荷主要集中在汛期，超过全年的55％，枯水期低于全年的4％。     

海河流域降水径流对种植业非点源污染的影响分析

建立种植业非点源污染负荷函数,确定了种植业非点源污染负荷量的主要决定因素为降水径流,在此基础上,分析了海河流域降水径流的时空分布特征。自20世纪50年代至21世纪前8年,海河流域降水量呈现明显的逐年代下降趋势,累计下降16.5%;受降水量下降和人类活动的影响,径流量的下降幅度更大,累计下降64%。从地区分布来看,降水径流由太行山、燕山迎风坡分别向西北和东南减少。由于降水径流逐年减少,海河流域种植业非点源污染对水体污染的影响也将逐年下降。在一般的年份（除丰水年以外的年份）,种植业非点源污染对水体污染的影响微乎其微;如果发生全流域洪涝灾害,种植业非点源污染对水体污染构成威胁。海河流域汛期易发生暴雨,在发生暴雨的局部地区,种植业非点源污染对水体污染构成局部威胁。徒骇马颊河平原是海河流域最重要的农作物种植区,单日降水量可达100 mm,为平原区最高,因而发生种植业非点源污染的可能性最大。     

巢湖流域农田尾水的控制与治理

过量施肥、水土流失等一些人为或自然因素都是造成农田尾水含有大量的氮磷元素的可能性原因，巢湖流域农田尾水长期随意排放，其中所含的氮磷加重了水体富营养化，造成了巢湖水体污染的日趋严重化。本文由巢湖流域的污染现状引发思考，着重分析了巢湖流域农田尾水带走田间大量氮磷元素的主要原因，并提出了治理农田尾水的措施，即引入沟渠生态拦截和人工湿地，为巢湖的水体富营养化的治理提供了依据和思路。     

各省动态

安徽:巢湖流域禁上排放氮磷项目安徽省今年将重点推进污染减排和淮河、巢湖等重点流域水质稳定好转。今年起,巢湖流域全面禁止新上向巢湖排放氮、磷污染物的工业建设项目。从2009年起,全面停批向河流排放汞、镉、六价铬重金     

基于多源数据AnnAGNPS西枝江流域的污染模拟研究

以西枝江流域为研究对象，结合GIS技术，建立了AnnAGNPS模型数据库，对流域内非点源污染主要影响因素的特征以及非点源污染的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：流域内降雨侵蚀力、径流深、土壤侵蚀和沉积负荷的年际问变化很大，降雨侵蚀力月问分布极不均匀，季节变化十分明显，后三者的变化趋势都与平均降水量表现出较好的对应关系，但是又并不完全一致；流域内的径流深空间分布极不均匀，而土壤侵蚀、沉积负荷空间变化相对不是十分明显，三者都有沿河道向两边逐渐递减的趋势，在人口密集地区及河塘密集地区，径流相对其他区域比较大。本文为西枝江流域的非点源污染模拟研究提供了基础数据平台，也为该模型在整个东江流域的合理应用奠定了科学基础。     

海河流域农业非点源污染防治对策措施

根据对海河流域农业非点源污染情况的基础调查,综合分析出化肥施用和集中养殖畜禽粪尿污水是其污染的主要来源。基于对流域内多个地区农业非点源污染防治措施的深入研究,围绕化肥施用量控制和集中养殖畜禽粪便污水处置这两大中心问题,提出一套应用性强且更具有针对性的农业非点源污染防治对策措施,既包括宣传教育、经济调控、行政手段等管理措施,又包括测土配方施肥、大型沼气工程等工程措施,同时对北方其他地区农业非点源污染防治具有较强的借鉴意义。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.