城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价的技术要点探讨与分析

在宁波市城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价(简称环评)实践经验分析总结并借鉴国内外先进成果的基础上,对城市轨道交通规划环评的主要技术要点进行探讨、分析和归纳.城市轨道交通规划环评着眼于环境问题的全局性和根本性,强调主动性和前瞻性,解决了线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等规划层次上应处理和能处理的环境问题.开展城市轨道交通规划环评,必须正确把握城市轨道交通规划环评与城市轨道交通单条线路建设项目环评的区别与联系,抓准评价指导思想与评价目的,结合各城市的自然、社会和人文特点合理选取评价指标和重点评价内容,着重从规划层面提出规划调整建议、环境影响减缓措施及用地控制建议等,以弥补后续建设项目环评所不能解决的问题,尤其是在线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等方面体现规划环评的价值,实现规划编制的及早参与和科学决策的目的.     

基于GIS城市道路交通噪声环境管理系统的构架与实现

详细介绍了基于GIS技术开发城市道路交通噪声环境管理系统的构架与实现.该系统的开发工作主要包括:噪声数据库设计、噪声数据管理、交通噪声的模拟和交通噪声影响统计.系统采用了数据库技术、GIS技术和交通噪声预测模型,综合考虑实际情况,对城市噪声环境进行管理和模拟.从实例结果分析可见,模拟结果能达到实际使用的要求.该系统能为城市规划、城市环境评价提供信息和技术支持.     

道路两侧交通噪声空间变化规律的初步研究

一、概述交通噪声是影响城市环境质量的主要污染源。控制和降低交通噪声污染已成为城市环境保护工作的重要内容之一。交通噪声的监测评价及控制工作都需要了解交通噪声级的空间变化规律。城市道路纵横交错,各类声级的叠加使空间声场变化相当复杂,因此需要建立基本模型     

广东省道路交通噪声预测统计模型

为了建立符合广东省的道路交通噪声预测模型,在国内学者相关研究成果的基础上,对FHWA模型进行了深入分析,并根据道路交通噪声预测模型原理,引入等效车流量等概念建立了理论噪声预测统计模型。在此基础上,对广东省市政路和高速路的交通噪声实测数据进行多元线性回归分析,确定广东省交通噪声预测统计模型。经验证,在广东省交通噪声预测评价中该模型预测精度非常高。该研究思路与方法值得在全国各地区处理交通噪声环境问题的工作中加以推广与应用。     

城市交通噪声的统计特性

一、城市交通噪声的统计特性随着国民经济的发展,城市交通运输日益繁忙,机动车辆的数目增加的很快,交通噪声也越来越严重。交通噪声与一般工厂噪声不同,是一种不稳定的噪声。对某一个固定地点来说,交通噪声与附近经过车辆的种类、数量、车速和距离等有关;也和道路的宽窄建筑物的高低有关。由于因素复杂,偶然因素很多,因此噪声不断变化。国内外的研究结果表明,城市交通噪声的A声级的分布基本上符合正态(高斯)分布,正态分布可以表达为:     

行人过街信号控制路口交通噪声预测模型

分析了行人过街信号控制路口交通流的运行特性,根据能量叠加原理建立了行人过街信号控制路口交通噪声预测模型(以下简称信号控制路口模型)。将实测交通噪声数据分别与信号控制路口模型的预测值及只考虑车辆匀速行驶的长直道路交通噪声预测模型的预测值进行对比,结果表明,信号控制路口模型更能正确反映路口实际交通噪声的空间分布。最后利用该模型对行人过街信号控制路口附近的交通噪声分布进行计算,得到了噪声空间分布的若干规律。     

中小城市噪声控制问题

据资料介绍,我国已有五十多个城市进行了城市环境噪声或交通噪声的测量。我省杭州市、宁波市和温州市也进行了噪声普查。其中杭州市和温州市的交通噪声比较严重,应予重视。比较一下杭州市1981年和1976年的交通噪声数据,发现尽管近年来车辆增加很多,但噪声的峰值却明显下降了。究其原因,在于管理。目前,国家财力有限,因而降低工业产品     

绿化带对交通噪声的衰减及对主观反应的影响

通过不同车辆流模型下道路旁绿化带对交通噪声衰减的计算及模拟，研究了城市道路边绿化带对交通噪声的衰减，并用实测对计算和模拟结果进行了检验。还通过主观反应调查并运用模糊隶属度原理进行分析计算，论证了绿化带对交通噪声引起的烦恼度心理影响有一定改善。并通过实验数据论证了这一改善在数量上约与绿化带对交通声的实际衰减相当。     

小城市的交通噪声污染及控制

一、引言随着工业和交通运输的发展,城市道路交通噪声(简称交通噪声)日趋严重。交通噪声已是现代城市中最主要的噪声源。七十年代以来,在交通噪声预报理论和车流的计算机模拟的研究上取得不少进展。但是,这些研究大多针对发达的大中城市,对于小城市交通噪声的研究很少涉及。如我国1979年开始对城市交通噪声进行调查,但只限于大城市。截止1989年底,我国共设市450个,其中县级市262个,占百分之五十八,且大多是近几年设置的。在改革开放、搞活经济的方针指引下,这些城市的     

杭州市交通噪声测量

交通噪声在城市环境噪声中是最主要的一种。它影响人们的睡眠与休息,干优语言交谈,降低工作效率,妨碍思考问题,引起吵闹的感觉。因此要降低交通噪声以减少对人的干扰。首先要制定交通噪声的测量规范和建立允许标准。根据在北京和天津等城市的测量,我们提出了城市交通噪声测试规范     

Spatial characteristics and influential mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urban accessibility and human development index in China

To optimize the accessibility algorithm and quantify the potential relationship between human development index and traffic comprehensive accessibility system, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution pattern of urban accessibility and human development index of highway, railway, and aviation transportation systems using data on highway, railway, and aviation schedules based on GIS spatial analysis method. Furthermore, the coupling degree between human development index and accessibility and its influence mechanism on the city level in China were explored based on the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis model. Results showed as follows: (1) Spatial distribution of human development index from high to low was gradually changing from east to west. The spatial distribution of urban accessibility of the three traffic systems had an evident “Hu Huanyong Line” effect. (2) The coordination degree of urban accessibility and human development index spread in a ladder mode. High coordination of cities in North and East China and the central Yangtze River region forms the spatial distribution of urban development circles connecting an urban development belt. (3) Railway connectivity and control value were highly sensitive to human development index in cities where serious imbalance between accessibility and human development index. Highway connectivity and control value were highly sensitive to human development index in cities where high coordination between accessibility and human development index. The results would provide scientific references for spatial planning of transportation, economic, and social development of cities and coordinated development of urban agglomeration in China.

     

城市园林植物生态功能及其评价与优化研究进展

城市当前面临着越来越严重的环境问题.园林植物因其碳氧平衡、蒸腾吸热、吸污滞尘、减菌减噪、涵养水源、土壤活化和养分循环、维持生物多样性、景观功能、防灾减灾等生态功能在缓解城市环境压力方面起着至关重要的作用.为了使城市园林植物生态功能最大限度地发挥和城市生态环境得到较大改观,综述了国内外在城市园林植物生态功能及其评价与优化等方面的最新研究成果,分析研究中存在的不足之处.     

高速铁路动车组列车的噪声特性

测量了车速达250 km/h的高速铁路动车组列车不同距离、不同高度处的噪声,分析了其时间、频谱及空间分布特性,并与普通客运列车比较.结果表明,动车组列车噪声表现为较强的脉冲性,频谱较宽,为2 500 Hz内的宽频噪声,200 Hz以下的低频成分很强;不同高度处最大声压级随距离的衰减规律基本类似,但不同高度处频谱不同.     

城市铁路噪声环境影响及防治对策

以即将建设的某工程为例,分析了城市铁路噪声对环境的影响,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

城市天然气加气站噪声影响分析及噪声控制技术简

城市天然气加气站位于城市道路和居民区周边。由于加气站地理位置特殊，声源复杂，与周边道路对环境的影响叠加，还要考虑通风散热等问题，噪声治理难度大。目前，国内关于城市天然气加气站的噪声控制研究的报道较少。本研究以合肥市长江西路天然气加气站为例，根据城市天然气加气站加气工艺噪声源及邻近交通噪声对周围环境进行叠加影响预测，根据预测结果和通风散热等工艺要求设计冷却塔安装进风、出风消声器和隔声罩，压缩机安装局部通风隔声罩及压缩机房东墙内安装隔声墙及通风隔声窗等措施。经检验，研究结果好于《工业企业厂界噪声排放标准（GB12348-2008）》中的2类标准的夜间50 dB（A）的标准。该研究设计技术工艺、参数先进合理，费用低且实际简单，为国内天然气加气站噪声预测及治理提供较好的示范作用。     

Particle emissions of a railway line determined by detailed single particle analysis

The goal of this study was to identify and quantify particles emitted from railway traffic. For that purpose PM10 samples were collected near a busy railway line using a wind direction and speed controlled sampling equipment consisting of five devices. Measurements taken perpendicular to the railway lines at 10, 36 and 120 m distance enable an identification and separation of particles caused by the railway traffic from background particles. Morphology and chemistry of more than 11,000 particles were analysed by computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM). Based on chemical composition five particle classes are defined and assigned to their sources. The mass of the individual particles is determined by multiplying their volumes, calculated based on their morphology with a density assigned specifically to each particle class. The density of the particle classes is derived from their chemical composition. To estimate the PM10 contributions of the railway lines, the mass of PM10 at 120 m (background, not influenced by the railway lines) is subtracted from the mass of PM10 at 10 m. The emissions of the railway lines are dominated by ‘iron’ particles, which contribute 2.9 μg m⁻³ or 67% to the railway related PM10. In addition, ‘aluminium’ and ‘calcium’ particles contribute also to the railway related PM10 (1.0 μg m⁻³ or 23% for the ‘aluminium’ and 0.4 μg m⁻³ or 10% for the ‘calcium’ particles). These particles are assigned to abrasion of the gravel bed and re-suspension of mineral dust.Long-term gravimetric results of the contribution of iron to the mass of railway related PM10 from a study performed earlier at the same site are in good agreement with the data presented in this study.     

运用灰色系统理论对城市环境噪声分析与预测

利用灰色系统理论的灰色关联度分析法,对影响佛山市禅城区区域环境噪声的影响因子进行定量分析,结果表明,影响佛山市禅城区区域环境噪声的第一位因素是机动车辆密度;同时建立了城市区域环境噪声的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型,短期预测精度很高,未来5年禅城区区域环境噪声呈平稳下降趋势.为规划防治城市区域环境噪声提供科学依据.     

我国环境技术产业化的现状与发展对策

本文通过对环境技术产业化特点的分析,结合当前我国环境技术产业化的现状指出了目前我国环境技术产业化过程中存在的主要问题及原因,并针对这些问题探讨了相应的发展对策。     

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

As the world's urban population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly imperative to understand the dynamic interactions between human activities and the urban environment. The development of urban environmental geochemistry has yielded a significant volume of scientific information about geochemical phenomena found uniquely in the urban environment, such as the distribution, dispersion, and geochemical characteristics of some toxic and potentially toxic trace metals. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of urban environmental geochemistry as a field of scientific study and highlight major transitions during the course of its development from its establishment to the major scientific interests in the field today. An extensive literature review is also conducted of trace metal contamination of the urban terrestrial environment, in particular of urban soils, in which the uniqueness of the urban environment and its influences on trace metal contamination are elaborated. Potential areas of future development in urban environmental geochemistry are identified and discussed.     

Development of a driving cycle for Hong Kong

The paper presents the results of the development of a standard driving cycle in the urban areas of Hong Kong. On-road speed–time data were collected by an instrumented diesel vehicle along two fixed routes located in two urban districts in Hong Kong. The collected data were analyzed and compared with mandatory driving cycles used elsewhere. It was found that none of these mandatory cycles could satisfactorily describe the driving characteristics in Hong Kong. A unique driving cycle was therefore developed for Hong Kong. The cycle was built up by extracting parts of the on-road speed data such that the summary statistics of the sample are close to that derived from the data population of the test runs.