Transfer of Sr into fish in Finnish lakes

The long-term behavior of ⁹⁰Sr was investigated from 1987 to 1997 in fifteen lakes in southern and central Finland following the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Both water and fish samples (perch, pike, vendace) were analyzed. ⁹⁰Sr stays long in the freshwater ecosystem; the observed half-lives during the study period were generally around 10 years in water and even longer in fish. One lake exhibited very different behavior for ⁹⁰Sr, with elevated levels in fish and water and very short observed half-life in fish, less than 2 years. Concentration factors of ⁹⁰Sr in fish (Bqkg⁻¹ f.w. in fish/Bqkg⁻¹ in water) among the studied lakes significantly correlated with both the Ca concentration and electrical conductivity of the water. More ⁹⁰Sr was transferred into fish in lakes with a low electrical conductivity and a low Ca concentration. Among other water parameters evaluated were pH, color, total nitrogen, and phosphorus.     

Effect of habitat conditions on proteinase and glycosidase activities in the gut microbiota of crucian carp in a wide range of pH

Significant differences in pH dependence of proteolytic and amylolytic enzyme activities in the gut microbiota between crucian carps from different habitats (the Dniester River and Kuchurgan Reservoir) have been revealed for the first time. The proteolytic activity in fish from these water bodies reaches a peak at pH values varying from 7 to 10, while the peak of amylolytic activity is consistently observed at pH 7.0. Both proteolytic and amylolytic activities are higher in fish from the Kuchurgan Reservoir (characterized by increased trophicity and high abundance of bacterioplankton) than in fish from the Dniester. For comparison, the effect of pH on proteinase and glycosidase activities in the gut mucosa and chyme of the same fish has been studied.     

Quantitative Relationships between Predatory and Nonpredatory Animals in Freshwater Ecosystems

The ratios between the sizes of predators and prey have been estimated. On average, the linear sizes and body weights of aquatic predatory animals are approximately three and nine times greater, respectively, than those of nonpredatory animals. The biomass of predators in waters with different productivity levels is, on average, about 20% of the biomass of nonpredatory animals. However, the ratio between the biomasses of predatory and nonpredatory animals in the same water body may vary seasonally and annually and differ in different parts of this water body. The average numbers of predatory fish in ichthyocenoses are no more than 3% of the numbers of nonpredatory fish. The living space (individual range) of predatory fish is about 40 times larger than that of their prey. The relatively low numbers of predators in water bodies may be accounted for by the lower number of predatory species and their higher mortality at early developmental stages, compared to nonpredatory species.     

Uptake and elimination of radiocaesium in fish and the "size effect."

A number of hypotheses have previously been developed concerning the rates of uptake and elimination of radiocaesium (137Cs) in fish. These include the influence of potassium and other water chemical parameters on both uptake and elimination, and the effect of fish size on accumulation. In order to test these hypotheses, we have assembled a data set comprising more than 1,000 measurements of radiocaesium (137Cs) in predatory fish (perch, pike and brown trout) in nine European lakes during the years after Chernobyl. These data have been analysed using simple models for uptake and excretion of 137Cs in fish, showing that: 1. Fish-water concentration factors (CF) were inversely proportional to potassium [K+] concentration of the different lakes, in agreement with previous studies. 2. The uptake rate of 137Cs in fish was negatively correlated with lake [K+], but excretion rate was independent of [K+]. 3. Lower than expected CF values were found in one lake, Iso Valkj?rvi, Finland. This is attributed to inhibition of the K+ (and therefore 137Cs) high affinity transport system in aquatic plants and fish by low pH and/or low Ca2+. 4. The inclusion of fish weight as a parameter in our dynamic model significantly improves the ability of the model to fit the observed measurements of 137Cs. 5. The model developed from the above hypotheses was able to fit the data from nine different lakes to within approximately a factor of 3 of the observed values.     

浙江北部低洼田湿地农业种养结合模式的环境效应

浙江北部地区地势低洼,种粮易涝,严重制约当地农业的发展。2010年以来,作为湿地农业农作制度的创新,“水生作物 鱼类”种养结合模式在当地得到迅速发展。为了完善种养高效综合配套技术,在嘉兴市秀洲区3个农场开展了不同种养模式（藕 鱼和菱 鱼模式）的对比试验,对池塘水质、底质特征以及大气负氧离子浓度进行了分析。结果表明种养结合模式对池塘水质有一定改善作用。虽然养殖鱼类后水体有机污染有一定程度加重,但由于水生作物的吸收作用,使得水体氮磷含量明显降低。与菱 鱼模式相比,鱼塘种植莲藕后,对水质的改善效果更为明显。对底质的分析表明,鱼塘种植水生作物后,底泥中速效钾含量增加明显,尤其是在种植莲藕后。另外,由于施用化肥以及当年不收割引起的藕叶、茎杆等腐烂分解,使得藕 鱼模式池塘底泥中速效磷和总氮含量大幅增加,分别增加329.1% 和361.9%。对种养结合区域大气负氧离子浓度测定结果表明,种养结合开发利用有利于改善周边区域空气质量     

汉江上游平川段鱼类群落多样性及空间格局分析

2016年5~6月对汉江上游平川段11个采样点开展鱼类多样性及水环境因子调查,共采集鱼类29种,隶属于3目5科25属,其中鲤科鱼类最多（21种,物种占比72.41%）,其次为鳅科（5种,物种占比17.24%）。汉江上游平川段鱼类鱼种多样性水平分布呈现中间段低两端段高的特点,鱼类多样性垂直分布符合随海拔升高物种多样性指数下降的规律。采用非度量多维标度排序（NMDS）和典范对应分析方法（CCA）分析了鱼类群落空间分布特征及水环境因子对鱼类群落格局的影响。NMDS结果显示该河段各个站点鱼类群落分布并未出现明显的聚类特征。CCA分析结果表明水环境因子中电导率,五日生化需氧量,pH和硫酸盐浓度对平川段鱼类群落结构有极显著的影响。     

Larval and Juvenile Fish Assemblage Structure of Inshore Habitats in the Middle Reaches of Li River,China: Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Relation to Abiotic Factors

To evaluate the effect of abiotic factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage in shallow waters of middle reaches of Li River, Guilin, China. Samplings were taken monthly at 7 stations in the mainstream and 2 stations in 3 tributaries from May 2014 to April 2015. Synchronously, temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen rainfall and discharge were obtained. In all, 11.886 larval and juvenile fish from 18 species belonging to 8 families, 16 genera was captured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed obvious significant difference between the environmental variables across sampling areas and months. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that water temperature, turbidity, discharge and rainfall were dominant factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage.     

Effect of liming on the behaviour of (90)Sr and (137)Cs in a lake ecosystem

Liming of lakes is considered one possible remedial action to reduce the accumulation of radionuclides into fish in the case of a radiological accident. These responses were tested in field conditions in a small acidified lake that was divided into two parts: one limed with CaCO₃ and the other half left as an unlimed control. The transfer of ⁹⁰Sr from water into fish decreased on average by 50% during the first year after liming. However, at the same time the ⁹⁰Sr concentration in water increased, reaching a maximum within 6 months after liming. Approximately 50% more ⁹⁰Sr was detected in water in the limed part of the lake than on control side during the first year. ⁹⁰Sr was most probably released from the sediment as the Ca concentration and pH of the water increased. As a result of these two processes, which counterbalanced each other (increased release of ⁹⁰Sr into water from sediment and decreased transfer of ⁹⁰Sr from water into fish), the ⁹⁰Sr concentration in fish did not notably differ between the limed and control sides of the lake. Liming may only be suitable as a remedial action if carried out immediately after a radiological accident, before significant amounts of radionuclides have been deposited in lake sediments. In the case of ¹³⁷Cs, the effect of liming was less pronounced. ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in water increased in the first year by 20% and uptake by fish decreased by 20%.     

Impact of global warming on European tidal estuaries: some evidence of northward migration of estuarine fish species

The aim of this study was to determine whether the latitudinal distribution of fish species that use estuaries to complete their entire life cycle has shifted northward as an expected consequence of global warming. The mean latitude of past fish species distributions found in 1970s’ literature was compared with the mean latitude of distributions today based on fish density indices collected in 55 tidal estuaries along the Atlantic European seaboard, from Portugal to Scotland. Among the 15 most common species, 11 displayed a positive difference between current and past mean latitudes suggesting a northward shift of the populations. Using the occurrence of subtropical species in temperate areas as an indicator of water warming, the northernmost range limit of 10 subtropical species was subsequently focused on. Six of them were recorded up to their past northern latitudinal limit. These results reinforced the idea that a number of fish species associated to estuaries have migrated northwards over the last 30 years, possibly due to water warming. These ecological changes can get important managerial implications, i.e. in the assessment of the ecological status in European directives.     

A critical review of measures to reduce radioactive doses from drinking water and consumption of freshwater foodstuffs.

Following a radioactive fallout event, there are a number of possible intervention measures to reduce radioactive doses to the public via the surface water pathway. We have critically reviewed the options available to decision-makers in the event of radioactive contamination of surface waters. We believe that the most effective and viable measures to reduce radioactivity in drinking water are those which operate at the water treatment and distribution stage. Intervention measures to reduce concentrations of radioactivity in rivers and reservoirs are expected to be much less viable and efficient at reducing doses via the drinking water pathway. Bans on consumption of freshwater fish can be effective, but there are few viable measures to reduce radioactivity in fish prior to the preparation stage. Lake liming and biomanipulation have been found to be ineffective for radiocaesium, although the addition of potassium to lakewaters appears promising in some situations. Lake liming may be effective in reducing radiostrontium in fish, though this has not, to our knowledge, been tested. De-boning fish contaminated by strontium is probably the most effective food preparation measure, but salting and freezing can also reduce radiocaesium concentrations in fish. The provision of accurate information to the public is highlighted as a key element of countermeasure implementation.     

葛洲坝船闸过鱼时空特性研究

于2013年4月、6月及8月，在葛洲坝一、二号船闸上下闸首断面及闸室内，利用DIDSON声纳定点探测方法，对船闸上下行鱼类数量进行探测记录，并同步进行水质水动力现场监测，研究船闸过鱼现状及规律。结果表明：船闸天然情况下存在一定过鱼能力，附加一定的改进措施，船闸可能成为通航与过鱼功能合一的新型过鱼建筑物。船闸过鱼存在一定的昼夜节律，鱼类在夜晚时段表现的更为活跃，且在不同季节有选择相对适宜温度活动的趋势，而两船闸间下闸首天然鱼类通过量无显著差异。6月由于水温条件适合，且处于禁渔期末，鱼类大量繁殖，过鱼数量最大，4月及8月过高及过低的水温均不利于家鱼繁殖，过鱼相对较少，且均值比较无显著差异，另外不同月份水位流速变动可能对过鱼量造成一定影响。一号二号船闸的鱼类上闸首通过率分别为21%及42%     

葛洲坝下游近坝区水域鱼类资源声学调查与评估

于2013年4月及6月,针对DIDSON的特点设计了携带声呐的船舶走航式及定点式两种方法,对葛洲坝下游近坝区水域（大江、三江至下游镇江阁处江段）进行水声学调查,观察鱼类资源的时空分布特点。观测数据经去噪处理,获得鱼类资源结果。结果表明：葛洲坝下游近坝区鱼类资源分布呈明显的空间差异,大江水域鱼类密度显著高于三江水域,且近坝区高于下游江段,最大值为6924 ind./1 000 m3,位于大江电站下游约1 km处,最小值为153 ind./1 000 m3,位于宜化大楼江段。鱼类资源在时间上没有显著的统计学差异,6月份鱼类活动昼夜差别比4月份更明显,主要集中在上层水域,傍晚至凌晨鱼类活动较少。进一步分析发现,船闸的运行方式、水体中食物可获取程度、各鱼类种群生活习性差异等,均对鱼类资源时空分布产生影响。此外,开展适逢葛洲坝禁渔期,禁渔措施维持了近坝区水域春、夏季鱼类资源量的稳定性,是保护鱼类资源的有效而直接的方法     

三峡库区小江鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解三峡库区蓄水后小江流域鱼类群落现状及其历史变化,于2016年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)开展了小江鱼类调查。共调查到鱼类37种,隶属于6目11科;种类组成以鲤形目为主,占总数的64.86%,其中黑尾■Hemiculer tchangi和岩原鲤Procypris rabaudi为长江上游特有种类;草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus、赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus、■Elopichthys bambusa、鲫Carassius auratus、鲤Cyprinus carpio、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix、鳙Aristichthys nobilis和黑尾■构成小江主要经济鱼类。对比历史资料分析显示:两次调查结果相似性指数为0.45(为中等不相似);特有种鱼类退化明显:主要经济鱼类组成发生了改变;土著鱼类物种多样性和资源量均呈明显下降趋势,而适应于静水或缓流水环境的鱼类呈上升趋势。推测水坝建设、过度捕捞及不合理的采砂活动等因素是导致变化的主要原因。结果建议,合理设置水坝(汉丰湖)调水机制,对于保护该水域土著鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

堑秋湖渔业模式对鄱阳湖南矶湿地越冬候鸟种群数量的影响和保育对策

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖、国际重要湿地。“堑秋湖”是当地老百姓根据鄱阳湖夏涨秋落的规律,在湖底低洼处堑壕沟、围矮堤,以便在秋季退水时截留更多的鱼和水,最后将鱼类资源一网打尽的渔业方式;也是长江流域中下游湖区以及鄱阳湖流域老百姓利用季节性浅水蝶形湖泊中渔业资源最主要的捕鱼和管理方式。采用PRA方法对江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区“堑秋湖”历史及现状进行问卷调查,采用样线样点结合方法对越冬候鸟种群数量进行调查分析。研究表明：鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区拥有蝶形湖泊26个,均已承包给个人管理并存在养鱼虾蟹等行为,为典型的“堑秋湖”渔业模式;不同月份越冬候鸟数量变化呈“M”型,不同样线候鸟数量差异较大,而候鸟种类在月份和样线方面差异不大;“堑秋湖”渔业模式对鄱阳湖越冬候鸟的种群数量、分布及栖息地生态功能的发挥存在明显正负面影响。对于建立经济社会可持续发展的“堑秋湖”经营模式进行了探讨,提出了有利于越冬候鸟栖息的保育对策     

养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响

以北京海洋馆驯养的野生和子一代中华鲟为对象,研究了养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响。结果表明：在养殖密度分别为27、24、20 kg/m3的循环水环境中,中华鲟的泳层分布改变,体型小的中华鲟变化最大。3种密度环境对中华鲟食欲未有明显影响,对野生中华鲟和F1 1998的泳速和呼吸频率也未有明显影响。27 kg/m3的密度下,F1 1998的超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛值下降,而丙二醛水平上升。在养殖密度为27和24 kg/m3的水环境时,水体悬浮总细菌数量持续大于8 000 cfu/100 mL,年龄大的中华鲟,包括野生中华鲟和F1 1998中华鲟细菌感染。同期对水质监测结果表明,氨/铵、亚硝酸盐和浊度稳定,硝酸盐、磷酸盐和总细菌随养殖密度下降而降低,溶解氧、酸碱度上升,各密度组间存在显著性差异(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗＜005),硝酸盐、磷酸盐、总细菌与养殖密度存在着显著的正相关。实验表明,使用循环水养殖中华鲟,环境负荷对水体微生物和养殖鱼免疫力的影响是极为显著的。推荐最佳养殖密度为20 kg/m³      

基于水力学条件的江家口坝#br# 下集诱鱼进口流场研究

建设过鱼设施是减缓河流大坝修建对鱼类不利影响的重要措施。本文以江家口坝址至坝下580 m处的河段为研究区段,构建基于MIKE21的平面二维水动力模型,根据工程的水文情势选用典型工况对坝下流场进行分析,探究不同工况下鱼类可能的上溯路径。结果表明：主流流量在5.40~40.74 m3/s,集诱鱼流量在2.50 m3/s情况下,主流受集诱鱼进口流量约束,将偏向右岸往下游流动。在仅考虑2号机组下泄17.67 m3/s流量下,河道存在目标鱼类洄游的上溯路线,距集诱鱼进口30～100 m处,河道中间满足鱼类适宜流速和水深,鱼类将沿着河道中间洄游;距集诱鱼进口0～30 m处,右岸流速逐渐升高并成为鱼类适宜流速,鱼类将从右岸洄游并最终到达集诱鱼进口;集诱鱼进口处,右岸水深高于中间水深约10%～40%,高于左岸水深90%～170%,集诱鱼进口处的高水深将有利于鱼类进入。对于“T”形集诱鱼进口汇流,集诱鱼流量占12%左右能产生较好的集诱鱼进口水力学特征。研究成果可为集诱鱼进口处鱼类上溯提供参考依据。     

淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌产卵场现状

为了对淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌禁渔期、禁渔区域的设定及种质资源保护提供参考资料。2016年5~8月,对此湖鱼卵和仔稚鱼的时空分布特征即产卵场及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。调查表明：共采集到鱼卵 4 463 粒,仔稚鱼 43 012 尾,分属6目9科19属21种,采集到的鱼卵、仔稚鱼中翘嘴鲌C.alburnus个体数分别占比为4.16%、 3.98%。产卵初始时间为6月13日,捕获截止日期为8月17日。翘嘴鲌密度的相对比例在7月中下旬及8月初出现峰值。调查期间,产卵水温均在25.9℃ 以上,其中产卵盛期水温在29.3~34.3℃。翘嘴鲌产卵易发生在暴雨初晴的夜晚,水位上涨的过程,当水位达 2 m,其他条件适宜情况下大量产卵。翘嘴鲌产卵密度与水温、水位关系密切（P<0.01）。根据早期资源结果、人工鱼巢收集到的鱼卵和捕获处于排卵期的翘嘴鲌亲鱼,推断出保护区1号(千灯浦桥)水域、2号(梅浜)水域和7号(南生浜)水域为翘嘴鲌的产卵场。     

Influence of Ambient pH on Freshwater Invertebrates under Experimental Conditions

In experimental mesocosms differing in water pH, the communities of macroinvertebrates demonstrated marked differences in their species composition and the quantitative ratios between the main groups of members (oligochaetes, chironomids, mollusks, etc.). The highest species diversity was recorded at pH 4.09–8.65. It proved to decrease at pH below 4 and above 9. In experiments on determining tolerance to water pH, seven groups of invertebrates differing in their adaptive potential were distinguished among 40 species found en masse in the freshwater zoobenthos and zooperiphyton of the Upper Volga basin.     

Unraveling the causes of the toxicity of extremely acid waters of volcanic origin

A river ecosystem in East Java, Indonesia, fed by a volcanic lake with high concentrations of dissolved metals and a low pH, was found to support only few macroinvertebrates. To unravel the causes of toxicity and to determine the level of dilution necessary to obtain non-toxic water, a bioassay was conducted with the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus. A partial toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) approach was used with EDTA as a chelating agent to relate toxicity to pH and metal concentrations. Three water samples were tested, with pHs ranging from 0.72 to 4.5, and diluted with water from a neutral river to different degrees. The dilution factor necessary to achieve no more than 50% mortality in the Thamnotox test (Ldf(50)) varied from >300 at the most acidic site, to 7 for water of pH 2.6 and 1.5 for water of pH 4.5. Toxicity was best explained from both low pH and high concentrations of metals, especially Al and Fe. The key role of Al and Fe in the toxicity was confirmed by relating concentrations of the different compounds in the river water to toxicity data from the literature. EDTA addition did not significantly influence Ldf(50) or the lethal pH 50% (LpH(50)), suggesting a large effect, besides cationic components and pH, of anions (F, SO(4) and Cl).     

Dynamics of aluminum speciation in forest-well drainage waters from the Rhode River watershed, Maryland

This paper reports an investigation of the dynamics of aluminum (Al) speciation in the forest-well waters from study site 110 of the Rhode River watershed, a representative sub-unit of Chesapeake Bay. Seasonal changes of Al speciation are evaluated by a modified MINEQL computer model using chemical equilibrium calculation. It was found that Al-F and Al-Org complexes were the dominate forms, whereas toxic forms of Al3+ and Al-OH were not significant. This indicates that Al toxicity is not very serious in the Rhode River area due to the high concentrations of fluoride and organic materials, even though sometimes pH is very low (approximately 4). Increased H+ or some other associated factors may be responsible for the decline in fish and amphibian population on the watershed.