固态碳源去除地下水硝酸盐的模拟实验

选取了5种研究较少的固体材料,棉花、丝瓜络、甘蔗渣、可降解餐盒、木屑作为去除地下水硝酸盐的外加碳源。在锥形瓶中进行反硝化对比实验,研究了不同固态碳源下NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N及pH的变化情况,分析了NO3--N及总氮的去除率。研究结果表明,反硝化过程中pH呈升高趋势,在6.9～8.5范围内浮动。可降解餐盒和丝瓜络相对于其他的固态碳源来说,对NO3--N和总氮有较高的去除率,但丝瓜络的总氮去除率明显低于可降解餐盒。可降解餐盒的硝酸盐去除率达到98.28%,总氮去除率达到93.48%。可降解餐盒能够有效地去除地下水硝酸盐,达到以废治废的效果,是经济有效的最佳固态碳源。     

海绵铁转化地下水中硝酸盐的试验研究

利用海绵铁的还原性及其表面疏松多孔的特性,研究其转化地下水中硝酸盐的各项性能.通过静态试验研究了海绵铁粒径、固液比以及共存离子对硝酸盐转化效果的影响,对转化产物和溶出的总铁量进行分析,并通过动态试验研究了接触时间和进水NO3- -N浓度对硝酸盐转化的影响.结果表明:在pH为2.5时,海绵铁的粒径越小,硝酸盐的转化率越高；在一定范围内,增加固液比,有利于硝酸盐的转化,试验最佳的固液比(以每毫升硝酸钾溶液中投加海绵铁的质量计,g/mL)为1.0:25.0;溶液中存在的Cl-和SO24-在一定程度上对硝酸盐的转化有抑制作用.产物分析表明,NH4+-N是硝酸盐转化的主要产物,转化产物中NO2--N浓度很低,同时有一部分气体产生.动态试验表明,在试验条件下,最佳的接触时间为7.7 min；增加进水NO3- -N浓度,硝酸盐的转化率降低.     

铁屑去除地下水中Cr^6＋的试验研究

以铁屑和纯Fe^0为供试介质处理地下水中Cr^6＋,在不调节原水pH值情况下,通过室内对比试验发现铁屑比纯Fe^0的去除效率高,且可使处理后水中Cr^6＋达到地下水质量标准的Ⅲ类标准,确定出铁屑去除Cr^6＋的最佳运行参数：铁屑与Cr^6＋的重量比为1395：1,反应时间为40 min,并分析讨论了其去除机理.     

铁屑去除地下水中Cr6+的试验研究

以铁屑和纯Fe0为供试介质处理地下水中Cr6 ,在不调节原水pH值情况下,通过室内对比试验发现铁屑比纯Fe0的去除效率高,且可使处理后水中Cr6 达到地下水质量标准的Ⅲ类标准,确定出铁屑去除Cr6 的最佳运行参数:铁屑与Cr6 的重量比为1395:1,反应时间为40 min,并分析讨论了其去除机理.     

海绵铁作为渗透反应墙介质去除地下水中NO3--N的初步研究

采用孔隙率高、比表面积大的海绵铁作为渗透反应墙(PRB)介质,通过3批动态实验讨论了海绵铁+锰砂单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂+活性炭单层介质,以及海绵铁+锰砂和活性炭的双层介质对地下水中NO3--N的去除效果.结果表明,经过292 h的PRB动态实验,填充海绵铁+锰砂单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂+活性炭单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂与活性炭双层介质的反应器的NO3--N去除率分别达到了70.65％、84.22％、88.09％,采用海绵铁与活性炭的单层介质或双层介质的反应器对地下水中NO3--N和TN的去除效果显著增强,出水中NH4+-N浓度相对也有所降低；扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析结果表明,经过PRB动态实验后,海绵铁表面覆盖了厚厚的膜,微孔隙被许多新的物质堵塞,这会导致海绵铁的氧化还原反应能力减弱,阻碍地下水中NO3--N的进一步还原去除,这也是以后实际应用中需要解决的问题.     

PRB技术同步去除地下水中硝酸盐和镉

为评估可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术同步去除复合污染地下水中硝酸盐和重金属的可行性,选取蛭石、活性炭、固定化微生物为PRB反应介质,采用批实验和柱实验在不同填装方式及不同水力停留时间等条件下,考察PRB技术对硝酸盐和Cd~(2+)的同步去除效果。结果表明:PRB介质为蛭石或活性炭与固定化微生物组合型填料时,Cd~(2+)对PRB去除复合污染水体中的硝酸盐影响甚微,可实现高效的同步去除;当进水NO_3-N浓度为50 mg·L-1、Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg·L-1时,活性炭与固定化微生物的组合型反应介质对NO_3-N和Cd~(2+)去除率分别可达93.13%和95.80%,蛭石与固定化微生物的组合型反应介质对NO_3-N和Cd~(2+)去除率分别可达92.70%和99.50%,经处理后的水质可达到地下水Ⅲ级质量标准(GB/T14848-2017)。以蛭石+固定化微生物、活性炭+固定化微生物作为反应介质的PRB技术可以实现NO_3-N和Cd~(2+)的同步去除,该技术可应用于处理硝酸盐和重金属复合污染地下水。     

水力停留时间对阴离子交换膜生物反应器去除硝酸盐的影响

考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对阴离子交换膜生物反应器去除硝酸盐的影响。实验结果表明,当进水NO3-浓度在113.96~116.01 mg/L范围内,HRT从11.12 h降低到4.82 h,硝酸盐去除率降低,但出水中NO3--N浓度符合我国饮用水水质标准中10 mg/L的要求(NO3-浓度≤44.29 mg/L)。厌氧生物反应器具有良好的反硝化性能,出水NO3-浓度低于20 mg/L。硝酸盐膜通量随着HRT的增加而增加,出水pH值稳定在7左右。     

琼脂碳源生物反硝化去除水源水中硝酸盐

针对受硝酸盐污染的水源水,以琼脂为反硝化细菌的碳源和微生物载体,通过生物反硝化作用脱除水源水中的硝酸盐,并利用曝气生物滤池(BAF)去除琼脂反应器出水中残留的少量CODMn和NO2--N等污染物。实验结果表明,水源水自然接种的条件下,可以顺利启动琼脂反应器;在温度为25℃左右,琼脂反应器在进水NO3--N约25 mg/L、水力停留时间1.5 h时,能获得70%的硝酸盐氮去除率;曝气生物滤池在水力停留时间0.5 h、气水比2.8时,可控制最终出水的CODMn和NO2--N分别在5.0 mg/L和0.10 mg/L以下;琼脂反应器的脱氮效果与温度、进水NO3--N浓度及水力停留时间等有关。研究指出,琼脂反应器与曝气生物滤池构成的组合系统能较好地脱除水源水中的硝酸盐并且能控制最终出水水质,不会导致二次污染,从而获得合格的饮用水源水。     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

矿物载体锯末碳源低温生物修复硝酸盐污染地下水

研究了低温条件下,沸石和火山岩为载体,锯末为碳源的生物反应器对地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果。结果表明,在（14±1）℃,水力停留时间18 h,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为27 mg/L的条件下,以锯末为碳源能有效去除地下水中的硝酸盐,沸石为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为98%;火山岩为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为95%。实验过程中出现铵盐和亚硝酸盐的积累,出水中氨氮浓度为1～2.55 mg/L,亚硝酸氮浓度为0～0.98 mg/L。出水pH均介于7～8,满足饮用水标准中pH的要求（6.5～8.5）。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.