共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 171 毫秒
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根据太仓市饮用水地表水源和地下水的监测数据,分别采用单因子评价和综合评价方法,对饮用水源的水质进行评价。结果认为地表水水源已受到轻度污染,属Ⅲ类水;地下水的水质较差,已不适合于直接饮用。饮用水水源的主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚、硝酸盐氮和高锰酸盐指数。对饮用水水源的污染成因进行了全面分析,并从四个方面提出了水源安全保护对策:法律法规与行政手段、技术支撑、经济支持和宣传教育. 相似文献
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随着库区经济的发展,大量点源或面源污染物未经有效处理便直接排入水体致使许多可作为生活饮用水的水源变成了"微污染"水源,鉴于常规的预处理工艺不能很好地适应现有"微污染"水源水质的变化,采用挂膜成功的阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化法对微污染水源水进行预处理实验研究,并与挂膜成功的组合介质生物接触氧化法进行对比,结果表明,阿科蔓介质挂膜速度较快,效果较好,且对水源水质的变化具有较好的适应性,是微污染水原水质改善较为理想的人工介质;对于相同的微污染水源,阿科蔓介质的处理效果明显优于组合介质且处理效果良好,其对"微污染"水源水中TN、氨氮、COD和总磷的平均去除率分别为67.4%、87.2%、54.1%和40.1%,其中较适宜的阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化预处理进水溶解氧浓度为4.0~6.0 mg/L。阿科蔓介质生物接触氧化不失为一种开展饮用水源地生态防护与饮用水质改善的技术。 相似文献
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饮用水中硝酸盐的脱除 总被引:32,自引:1,他引:31
饮脾水中硝酸氮的污染问题日趋严重,对人类的健康有多方面的危害。离子交换、反渗透、电渗、生物反硝化、化学和化学催化反硝化都可从水中脱除硝酸盐,但目前投入实用的只有离子交换、生物反硝化、反渗透三种工艺。这些脱硝方法各有优缺点。本文综述了饮用水脱硝的应用现状,并对其发展的趋势进行了简单的论述。 相似文献
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中国地表饮用水水源地有机类内分泌干扰物污染现况分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
有机类内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是一类对人类和生物内分泌系统产生干扰,并可造成其紊乱的特殊外来物质,对人类和生物健康有极大的危害.以与人类生活密切相关的地表饮用水水源地中的有机类EDCs为研究重点,对中国目前地表饮用水水源地EDCs污染状况、污染物种类及其来源及可能的污染途径进行了评述.目前,中国各地区地表饮用水水源地均有有机类EDCs检出.其中以有机氯农药六六六及其异构体、DDT及其代谢产物和多氯联苯检出率最高,且某些地区检测浓度相当高,主要来源是农药使用和污水排放.国内外对地表饮用水水源地EDCs突发污染事件的研究均较少,应引起高度重视. 相似文献
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在对长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(以下简称示范区)饮用水水源保护所涉立法和实务部门进行广泛调研的基础上,研究和探讨了示范区饮用水水源的立法现状与水质状况、水质安全问题的主要成因、协同立法的理论基础和有利条件,并就协同立法的形式选择和核心内容提出了具体建议.研究发现,水质安全与相关实体性制度的构建是示范区饮用水水源保护... 相似文献
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Christensen AM Nakajima F Baun A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(2):621-625
The urban stream Store Vejle? (Denmark), which receives discharges of urban runoff, was investigated using a combination of biological toxicity tests and chemical analysis. The urban stormwater and road runoff gave low, but statistically significant, effects on the reproduction of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In all pre-concentrated water samples toxic effects were found and differences in toxicity depending on time and location of sampling were identified. Undiluted pore water samples from sediments collected in the stream were all toxic towards the algae and dilutions from 4 to 14 times were needed compared to a pore water sample from an unpolluted stream where a dilution factor of only 1.6 was required. A qualitative correlation between the toxicity of the pore water and the degree of pollution as evidenced by the metal concentration was observed, but statistically significant correlations could not be established by ranking procedures of, e.g. metal content or PAH-concentrations versus the observed toxicity. 相似文献
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Patrícia Palma Paula Alvarenga Vera Palma Cláudia Matos Rosa Maria Fernandes Amadeu Soares Isabel Rita Barbosa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):703-716
Background, aim, and scope
Freshwater reservoirs can be impacted by several hazardous substances through inputs from agricultural activity, sewage discharges, and groundwater leaching and runoff. The water quality assessment is very important for implementation of the monitoring and remediation programs to minimize the risk promoted by hazardous substances in aquatic ecosystems. Evaluation of the degree of contamination of aquatic environments must not take in account only its chemical characterization but it must be complemented with biological assays, which determine potential toxic effects and allows an integrated evaluation of its effects in populations and aquatic ecosystem communities. The application of this type of strategy has clear advantages allowing a general evaluation of the effects from all the water components, including those due to unknown substances and synergic, antagonistic, or additive effects. There are only a few studies that reported ecotoxicological acute end points, for the assessment of surface water quality, and the relationship among toxicity results and the anthropogenic pollution sources and the seasonal period. The aim of this study was to assess the ecotoxicological characterization of the surface water from Alqueva reservoir (South of Portugal) and to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic sources of pollution and their seasonal variation in its toxicity. The construction of Alqueva reservoir was recently finished (2002) and, to our knowledge, an ecotoxicological assessment of its surface water has not been performed. Because of that, no information is available on the possible impact of pollutants on the biota. The surface water toxicity was assessed using acute and chronic bioassays. The results are to be used for developing a monitoring program, including biological methods. 相似文献13.
Organotin concentrations in three intertidal neogastropods from the coastal waters of Taiwan 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This study was aimed to determine organotin concentrations in the muricids Thais clavigera, Thais tuberosa and Morula granulata on an island wide scale and to find an adequate bioindicator species for long-term monitoring purpose. Samples were collected from the coast of Taiwan and vicinity islands with organotin analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Because triphenyltin (TPT) could not be discriminated from tributyltin (TBT) by the extraction method, organotins were measured as TBT + TPT and total hexane extractable organotins. Severity of imposex in the muricid population samples expressed as relative penis size (RPS) indices were calculated and compared to determine a suitable bioindicator species. In T. clavigera, T. tuberosa and M. granulata, TBT + TPT were 17-157, 1-44 and 117-1343 ng Sn g(-1) dry wt, respectively. And total organotins varied in the range of 181 to 1125, 23 to 44 and 229 to 1402 ng Sn g(-1) dry wt, respectively. A positive correlation was found between TBT + TPT and total organotins in M. granulata (TBT + TPT = Total organotins x 1.01-110.79; R2=0.97; p<0.001). At the site of Dapaisha, total organotins in M. granulata was 10 times higher than in T. tuberosa (i.e. 242 versus 23 ng Sn g(-1) dry wt). No signs of imposex were found in T. tuberosa (a single site in two subsequent years) and in M. granulata (seven collection sites). The degree of imposex (RPS) of T. clavigera varied from 0.2 to 38.1%. The RPS indices from fishing harbors were not higher than from rocky shores and oyster culture sites. No correlation was found between RPS indices and concentrations of TBT + TPT or total organotins. M. granulata seemed to be insensitive to organotin pollution although organotins were also detected. Our results indicate that organotin pollution is wide spread in coastal waters of Taiwan and pollutants at least include butyltins and phenyltins. As a bioindicator species, T. clavigera is more appropriate than T. tuberosa and M. granulata to monitor organotin contamination. 相似文献
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Lithner D Nordensvan I Dave G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(5):1763-1772
Purpose
The large global production of plastics and their presence everywhere in the society and the environment create a need for assessing chemical hazards and risks associated with plastic products. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of five plastics types and to identify the class of compounds that is causing the toxicity.Methods
Selected plastic types were those with the largest global annual production, that is, polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or those composed of hazardous monomers (e.g., PVC, acrylonitrile?Cbutadiene?Cstyrene [ABS], and epoxy). Altogether 26 plastic products were leached in deionized water (3?days at 50°C), and the water phases were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Initial Toxicity Identification Evaluations (C18 filtration and EDTA addition) were performed on six leachates.Results
For eleven leachates (42%) 48-h EC50s (i.e the concentration that causes effect in 50 percent of the test organisms) were below the highest test concentration, 250 g plastic/L. All leachates from plasticized PVC (5/5) and epoxy (5/5) products were toxic (48-h EC50s ranging from 2 to 235?g plastic/L). None of the leachates from polypropylene (5/5), ABS (5/5), and rigid PVC (1/1) products showed toxicity, but one of the five tested HDPE leachates was toxic (48-h EC50 17?C24?g plastic/L). Toxicity Identification Evaluations indicated that mainly hydrophobic organics were causing the toxicity and that metals were the main cause for one leachate (metal release was also confirmed by chemical analysis).Conclusions
Toxic chemicals leached even during the short-term leaching in water, mainly from plasticized PVC and epoxy products. 相似文献15.
本文详细综述了甲草胺和丁草胺的物理化学性质,总结了它们在土壤和水中的迁移,吸附和微生物降解转化,对动植物的毒性和作用机制,酰胺类除草剂在分析检测方面的进展以及在污染的防治与修复方面的一些措施 相似文献
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Application of biological safety index in two Japanese watersheds using a bioassay battery 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to integratedly evaluate the biological safety as a water quality index, an assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was developed. In this study, the developed method was used to screen, evaluate and rank the biological safety of small rivers near agricultural, industrial and residential areas. Twenty-seven representative water samples were collected from the Kaname River watershed and the Hinata River watershed in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The results indicated that (1) the biological safety of water from the Hinata River ranked much higher than those from the Suzu River and the Shibuta River due to less human activities, (2) the biological safety from outlets of paddy fields ranked much worse than those from point source discharges of toxic pollutants, (3) the use of pesticides significantly affected the water quality of nearby small rivers and ditches during the pesticide application season, (4) the effects of different kinds of pesticides could successfully be classified using one toxicity test component of the bioassay battery, and (5) there was no significant quantitative relationship between the toxicity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for the studied water samples. The toxicities of water samples in this study were in agreement with the concentrations of pesticides determined with chemical methods by other researchers, which demonstrated that the developed assessment method was reliable to screen site contaminated with organic chemicals for priority management. 相似文献
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An integrative assessment of environmental quality was carried out in selected sites along the Galician coast (NW Iberian Peninsula) combining analytical chemistry of seawater and sediments, bioaccumulation in the marine mussel, and embryo-larval sediment toxicity bioassays, in order to link biological and chemical criteria for the assessment of coastal pollution. Maximum values of Hg and Cu in seawater, sediment and mussels, were found in the inner part of Ria of Pontevedra, while maximum levels of organics (polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene and aldrin) were found in mussels from A Coru?a. Outstanding values of Cu, Pb and Zn have been found in seawater and sediment from a single site, P3, which also was the most toxic in the embryo-larval bioassays performed with four different phyla of marine organisms: mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods and chordates. Sediment quality effects range-median values provided a valuable reference to predict biological effects from sediment chemistry data, while effects range-low values were too conservative. Sediment toxicity could also be predicted by using a toxic-unit model based on published EC50 values for trace metals and mobilization factors independently obtained from measurements of metal contents in sediments and their elutriates. When chemical and toxicological data are independently used to arrange sampling sites by using non-metric multidimensional scaling, a remarkable degree of concordance between both types of configurations could be observed. 相似文献
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Paton GI Cheewasedtham W Marr IL Dawson JJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(3):746-751
Although the fate of organotins has been widely studied in the marine environment, fewer studies have considered their impact in terrestrial systems. The degradation and toxicity of triphenyltin in autoclaved, autoclaved-reinoculated and non-sterilised soil was studied in a 231 day incubation experiment following a single application. Degradation and toxicity of phenyltin compounds in soil was monitored using both chemical and microbial (lux-based bacterial biosensors) methods. Degradation was significantly slower in the sterile soil when compared to non-sterilised soils. In the non-sterilised treatment, the half-life of triphenyltin was 27 and 33 days at amendments of 10 and 20 mg Sn kg(-1), respectively. As initial triphenyltin degradation occurred, there was a commensurate increase in toxicity, reflecting the fact that metabolites produced may be both more bioavailable and toxic to the target receptor. Over time, the toxicity reduced as degradation proceeded. The toxicity impact on non-target receptors for these compounds may be significant. 相似文献
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E. Lombi D.P. Stevens M.J. McLaughlin 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2110-2116
Water treatment residuals (WTRs) are produced by the treatment of potable water with coagulating agents. Beneficial recycling in agriculture is hampered by the fact that WTRs contain potentially toxic contaminants (e.g. copper and aluminium) and they bind phosphorus strongly. These issues were investigated using a plant bioassay (Lactuca sativa), chemical extractions and an isotopic dilution technique. Two WTRs were applied to an acidic and a neutral pH soil at six rates. Reductions in plant growth in amended soils were due to WTR-induced P deficiency, rather than Al or Cu toxicity. The release of potentially toxic Al from WTRs was found to be mitigated by their alkaline nature and pH buffering capacity. However, acidification of WTRs was shown to release more soluble Al than soil naturally high in Al. Copper availability was relatively low in all treatments. However, the lability of WTR-Cu increased when the WTR was applied to the soil. 相似文献