浙江青田石平川钾长花岗岩特征及其成因探讨

青田县石平川钼矿床是浙江省现已发现的规模最大的钼矿床,多数人认为石平川钼矿床的形成与钾长花岗岩有密切关系.本文主要从岩相学、岩石地球化学、LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学等方面研究石平川钾长花岗岩,并探讨其成岩环境及成因.研究表明,石平川岩体属于高钾钙碱性、弱过铝质S型花岗岩,其形成于早白垩世晚期挤压环境,源岩物质主要是壳源,并有少部分幔源物质成分参与.     

中国东南部中生代陆内岩浆作用的动力学背景

根据叠置在华夏和扬子陆块的中生代岩浆岩的时代、岩石系列和岩石组合以及Sr、Nd同位素特征，分析中生代岩浆作用特提斯陆内俯冲和碰撞—古太平洋俯冲走滑的动力学背景。在230－150Ma间，特提斯构造域的影响是华北与扬子陆块的水平碰撞缩短，华夏西南部是离散陆块的陆内俯冲，其结果在华夏陆块形成大规模高Isr低εNd（t）的S型花岗岩。145－90Ma间，在特提斯构造域深部构造效应的基础上叠加了古太平洋的俯冲走滑，结果在中下扬子区形成高钾富碱钙碱性系列和橄榄安粗岩系列火山一侵入杂岩，在华夏陆块形成高钾钙碱性系列和双峰式火山—侵入杂岩。两陆块内A型花岗岩类的形成（＜92Ma），标志中生代陆内造山岩浆作用的结束。     

高钾、钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩类的成因

许多Ⅰ型花岗岩类岩浆是由较老的变火成岩经部分熔融而形成的．这类熔体的组成大致是钙碱性和准铝质的。这些熔体是花岗质至英云闪长质熔体，是在其下地壳源区内的极端热条件下形成的。普遍地壳岩石部分熔融的实验数据表明，高钾Ⅰ型花岗岩类岩浆只能由壳内含水的钙碱性岩石至高钾钙碱性岩石、镁铁质至中性的变质岩石经部分熔融而形成。由于各种变玄武岩的K2O含量低，所以它们不适合作源岩。幔源玄武岩浆和地壳熔体相混合的模式也是不适用的。Ⅰ型钙碱性岩浆作用无论如何都与俯冲作用有关是不必要的。     

碱性交代岩中新的金矿化类型

作者研究了库兹涅茨克山、外贝加尔、东萨彦岭等地的花岗岩类碱性交代岩中的金矿化,揭示出碱性交代岩中新的金矿化类型的特征。这类金矿化产于地壳的造山构造和活化构造中,赋存于花岗岩类石英-钠长石化带,与流体钠-氯或钠-氯-氟专属性的花岗岩类侵入杂岩体的形成有关。可将矿化看作是同一碱质交代作用的最后阶段。矿化以细脉浸染型的金和稀有金属矿化为主。较富的金矿化分布于交代作用带钠长石和硅化的最强地段。在成矿研究中应着重注意这类交代岩。     

湘西南苗儿山地区早燕山期花岗岩地球化学特征及形成环境

湘西南苗儿山地区早燕山期花岗岩形成于晚侏罗世早期,侵入于加里东期花岗岩(构成苗儿山岩体主体)和印支期花岗岩中。主要岩石类型为细粒—中粗粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,局部发育细粒二云母二长花岗岩。岩石SiO_2为76.02%~80.26%、Al_2O_3为10.94%~12.88%、K2O为3.42%~5.34%、Na_2O+K_2O为5.37%~8.22%、ASI为1.04~1.31(平均1.14),总体属铁质、钙碱性系列过铝质花岗岩类。微量元素中Ba、Sr、P、Ti表现为强烈亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等相对富集。稀土总量较低(122.9~175.4μg/g),轻稀土略富集((La/Yb)N=2.55~3.79),具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.07~0.22)。岩体ISr值为0.99007和1.15860,εNd(t)值为-9.20和-8.80,两阶段Nd模式年龄(t2DM)为~1.7Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示源岩主要为变质泥质岩和变质杂砂岩。强过铝花岗岩样品的Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值部分<100。上述地球化学特征表明花岗岩为S型花岗岩,源岩主要为中、上地壳酸性岩石,并有少量地幔物质加入。花岗岩主量和微量元素构造环境判别图解以及区域构造演化过程表明花岗岩形成于后造山构造环境,岩浆形成与先期(中侏罗世)陆壳增厚升温及软流圈地幔的热传递有关。     

西昆仑空巴克石英闪长岩类地球化学特征及构造环境分析

西昆仑空巴克石英闪长岩为原特提斯洋基本闭合,康西瓦韧性剪切带活动的产物.岩体属强过铝质、钙碱性系列偏碱性浅成相花岗岩类,大多属I型花岗岩,少数为S型花岗岩,构造环境为晚加里东期活动陆缘碰撞造山带环境.岩浆源为壳幔混源型.     

湘东北地区石蛤蟆花岗岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

分布于湖南东北部的石蛤蟆岩体侵位于新元古代地层中。由微细粒斑状黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩等两期侵入体组成。通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测得岩体侵位年龄为157±2 Ma(2σ),MSWD=0.98,成岩时代为晚侏罗世。SiO2=68.26%～68.53%,K2O/Na2O=1.37～1.59,岩石属镁质、准铝质-微过铝质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Rb/Sr较低(0.40～0.56);ΣREE较高(171.48～183.81),Eu为弱负异常(δEu=0.86～0.93),(La/Yb)N=27.11～45.87;具较高的εNd值(-5.11)和高T2DM(1.63 Ga)。综合研究表明,石蛤蟆花岗岩为混合源高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG),其花岗岩浆有大量幔源物质加入。讨论认为岩体形成于构造体制转换下的地球动力学背景,是造山晚期张弛作用下的产物。     

西昆仑库科西鲁克地区基性岩脉地球化学及构造意义

新疆库科西鲁克地区广泛发育基性岩脉,多呈岩墙、岩枝和小岩滴。基性岩脉岩石类型为辉长岩和辉绿岩。辉长岩属于碱性玄武岩,而辉绿岩属于过铝质碱性系列碱玄武岩与粗面玄武岩过渡型,其形成深度(浅成相)比辉长岩浅(中深成相)。区内基性岩脉形成于闭合边缘岛弧、活动陆缘造山带环境,是由幔源原生岩浆经过分异并同化混染地壳物质而形成,结晶分异是控制岩浆演化的主要因素。辉长岩中δEu具有弱的亏损。辉绿岩δEu为正异常,而C e均具弱亏损,成岩氧逸度较高,其成因与典型的I型花岗岩类相似,为壳幔混合型。辉长岩偏幔源,而辉绿岩偏壳源,可能为幔源岩浆上侵受围岩混染所致。辉长岩年龄(119 M a)要比辉绿岩年龄(46.1M a)老,辉长岩为冈底斯陆块向欧亚大陆板块碰撞拼贴过程中,逆冲挤压结束的标志,辉绿岩为大规模逆冲挤压剪切结束,青藏高原隆升初期拉张作用的产物。     

辽宁连山关地区混合花岗岩岩石地球化学特征及构造环境

连山关地区前寒武系赋存的铀矿床,是我国为数不多的不整合型铀矿床。对连山关混合花岗岩开展地球化学研究,通过分析岩石主量、微量元素地球化学特征,探讨岩石成因及形成的构造环境。该区混合花岗岩属于富硅,高碱、低钛的钙碱性系列岩石,稀土总量较高,轻稀土元素明显富集,具有中等程度的Eu负异常;U、La、P相对富集,Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti相对亏损。该混合花岗岩具有S型花岗岩的特征,其源岩为中、上地壳酸性岩石,可能形成于太古宙克拉通裂陷拉张的构造环境。     

东南沿海中生代侵入岩及与火山岩的时空关系

东南沿海中生代侵入岩可分为三套,与火山活动有关的第二套,第三套侵入岩在浙东——闽东区有成分上对应的火山岩。下火山岩系和第二套侵入岩是挤压条件下地壳分熔的英安质岩浆经分离结晶形成;上火山岩系和第三套侵入岩是扩张条件上地幔和下地壳分熔形成的双峰式系列,形成高碱流纹岩和碱性花岗岩的A型岩浆地幔物质所占比例最高,由北而南,火山岩覆盖面积渐小,粤东区第二套侵入岩与下火山岩系相比,缺中性岩类,下地壳分熔形成同熔型二长花岗岩及其火山岩,黑云母花岗岩是熔融区上升迁移的结果,第三套侵入岩出露局限。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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