Ecotourism Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Western Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province, such as serious soil erosion, fragile ecological environment, low levels of economy and so on. Ad-vantages of tourism resources in the "periphery regions" should be fully utilized, and "multi-tourism" meets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions. The "multi-tourism de-velopment model" can exert the functions of tourism as the key industry. Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries, the model can accelerate the development of related-industries, such as eco-agriculture, eco-industry and so on. Through implementing the multi-tourism model, we can fully utilize the advantages of the periphery regions and promote the sustainable development of regional economy.     

Ecotoudsm Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Western Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province,such as serious soil erosion,fragile ecological environment,low levels of economy and so on.Ad- vantages of tourism resources in theperiphery regionsshould be fully utilized,andmulti-tourismmeets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions.Themulti-tourism de- velopment modelcan exert the functions of tourism as the key industry.Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries,the mo...     

Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas: A Literature Review

Abstract

In response to the “isolated island” phenomenon emerging from the development of tourist resorts in China, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism overseas, which has similar features to the resort “island”. Based on the literatures related to enclave tourism from Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism from the following aspects: definition discussion, theories used, causation of enclaves, characteristics and impacts of enclave tourism. The understanding of the overseas researches on enclave tourism would provide instructions for the study on the problems of Chinese resorts, such as enclavity and “island effects”, and suggest measures for the sustainable development of resorts in China. This paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 briefly introduces the development of enclave tourism in developing countries and the outline of enclave tourism study. Section 2 elaborates on the contents of enclave tourism research and gives deep insights into the study on concepts, characteristics, causations and effects respectively, which is the key part of this paper; Section 3 concludes the review and proposes suggestions for the enclave tourism study in China.     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area: A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Gannan) as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carried out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan's natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.     

Towards a Closed-Loop Materials Economy

Abstract

This paper introduces the recent appearance of a circular economy in such industrialized countries as Germany and Japan and outlines its concept and principles. The author emphasizes that a circular economy should become the breakthrough point for sustainable development and will enable a shift to a sustainable society of “doing less with less” away from the current high-consumption society of “doing more with more”     

The Dual Model for Tourism Resource Productivity Improvement

Abstract

For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the “Great Leap Forward” which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand.     

长三角城市群旅游场强时空异质性及演化机理

以长江三角洲城市群26个城市为研究单元，综合运用主成分因子分析、可达性分析、改进的场强模型、地理探测器模型等方法对2000～2016年长江三角洲城市群区域旅游场强时空格局的演化及其形成机理展开研究。结果表明：（1）长三角城市群城市旅游综合规模差异化显著，但趋于均衡化发展态势；（2）区域旅游场强具有明显的时空异质性，交通“轴线”扩散明显，空间结构由最初的“Z”字型发展为“网状”，最后演变为“树枝状”，旅游场强类型呈现稳定的圈层包围结构，不断地由低级向高级演变；（3）旅游场强格局演化主要由交通优势度、旅游产业发展水平、地区经济发展水平、旅游资源禀赋和政策导向等多方面因素共同作用形成的结果。     

长江经济带旅游生态效率时空演变及其影响因素

旅游生态效率是一种以"最小资源投入和环境破坏,最大经济社会产出"为核心目标,衡量旅游永续发展的重要指标。综合运用基于非期望产出的Super-SBM模型、地理空间分析方法和面板Tobit回归模型探索长江经济带2007～2016年旅游生态效率时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究期内,高效率省区主要分布于东部地区,较低效率省区分布广泛,其数量先减少后增加;而低效率省区数量较少,其分布范围总体从长江经济带东部向西部迁移。(2)长江经济带旅游生态效率区域差异性和集聚性均不断缩小,东部、中部和西部3地区内部差异是长江经济带区域差异的主要贡献者。(3)旅游经济规模、旅游产业结构、科技发展水平、城镇化发展水平和政府规制力度对各省区旅游生态效率影响的空间异质性较强。     

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment of the Industrial Structure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Abstract

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.     

Evaluation of Material-based Development of China Using GIS Methods

Abstract

Regional development is a course of accumulation based on many factors, which is directly related to resources utilization and conversion. And material wealth production and accumulation embody the outcome of regional development. Thus, focusing on material wealth, regional development can be evaluated from resources and perspective of resources conversion. Taking the infrastructural level, transportation accessibility and economic development level into full account, the concept of “material-based development” was presented and the material-based development index (MDI) model was established. By using the MDI model, geographic information system technology and mathematic methods, this article then calculated MDI of each county and province of China in 2005 and systematically evaluated the material-based development of China at county and provincial scales, so as to bring some scientific references and policy-making supports to the population development function oriented zoning and population spatial distribution planning of China. The result showed that: (1) At county scale, the material-based development of counties within China in 2005 was significantly different, in which there were 1876 counties belonging to the mid-level material-based development and accounted for 78.10% of the total. The numbers of high-level and low-level counties were 144 and 382 and accounted for 6.00% and 15.90% respectively, demonstrating a spindle shape in general. The spatial distribution of material-based development was unbalanced, and it was much better in southeastern part of the line of “Daxinganling–Yinshan–Liupanshan–southeast edge of Qinghai– Tibet Plateau” than that of northwestern. Furthermore, there were also differences of the sub-index between different material-based development levels. Therefore, for different regions, key issues and measures adaptable to local condition should be prioritized and taken in order to realize regional balance development. (2) At provincial scale, there was also significant difference between each province and the spatial distribution of it was “high in the east, low in the west” in general. It meant that the capacity of natural resources attraction and conversion of east China was better than that of west China. The infrastructure level was the main factor accounting for the differences of material-based development levels among provinces. As a result, our government should make great efforts to improve infrastructure condition, especially the western part of China, so as to narrow the gap between the western part and the eastern part to realize the coordinated development within different regions and rapidly socio-economic development of China.     

Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along Reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong

Abstract

There is an obvious departure from the regional equilibrium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in “the effects of contra-geography-grads development”. It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industrialization delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of “the vicious circle of poverty” by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environmental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called “the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River” is put forward supposed to give corresponding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.     

On Touristic Ecological Footprint of Macau

Abstract

Despite its tiny territory, Macau boasts a large volume of tourist activities, which serves as the pillar of its economy. Environment and natural resources are the cornerstone of tourism, but are also subject to the negative impact of tourism. Based on the theory and methodology of ecological footprint analysis, this paper calculated the touristic ecological footprint and deficit of Macau in 2009, in an effort to bring to light the current status of excessive consumption of resources by tourism. As the findings show, the non-transferable touristic ecological footprint and touristic ecological deficit of Macau in 2009 are respectively 18 300.891 gha and 12 737.584 gha, and the former is 3.29 times as large as the touristic ecological carrying capacity. Touristic ecological footprint of Macau is highly efficient in economic sense but currently tourism is developing in an unsustainable manner, so appropriate initiatives are in need to strike a balance between tourism development and resource conservation and to promote the sustainability of tourism industry of Macau.     

Study on the Relationship between Tourist Influence and Residents’ Sense of Community: An Empirical Study from Changdao County in Shandong Province

Abstract

Residents’ sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community. Tourism has significant influence on residents’ sense of community. An empirical study from Changdao shows that economy and life conflict caused by tourism can affect neighborhood-friendly and community participation significantly. Culture, environment and social services from tourism can significantly affect community association, community care and place recognition. Therefore, the regional managers should pay attention to allocate revenues in the residents fairly and protect own culture to avoid the negative impact from tourism.     

后现代旅游理念下的乡村旅游产品开发——以长沙县开慧镇为例

后现代旅游理念源于后现代主义思潮，是一种新型的旅游观。在回顾国内外相关文献基础上，采用实地研究与问卷调查方法，以长沙县开慧镇为例进行了实证研究。研究发现：（1）后现代旅游是对现代旅游的继承性发展，后现代旅游需求是多样、复杂、甚至矛盾的，目前很难统一界定；（2）总体来看，后现代旅游产品开发应该秉持绿色自然、情感体验、个性本我、健康公平等理念；（3）开慧镇乡村旅游资源丰富，但现有产品开发存在游客参与度不高，消费水平偏低，产品认知程度不一，新媒体营销收效甚微等问题；（4）探索性地设立了由13个影响因子组成的指标体系，依据对游客的重要性程度将权重划分为高、中、低3个层级，并以此作为产品开发的参照；（5）提出了加强“大地艺术类”“儿童旅游类”“农家体验类”“户外休闲类”4类后现代乡村旅游产品开发的建议。今后，有必要加强对“后现代”或“跨现代”背景下的乡村旅游研究。     

高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响计量研究

高铁正成为影响我国区域旅游一体化的关键性因素,已有高铁旅游影响研究普遍存在供需分离的系统化视角缺位问题。立足多目的地-多客源地交互的旅游供需空间系统视角,利用GIS集成方法和旅游系统引力模型研究了有无高铁网络两种情境下的长三角区域旅游竞争力和出游力格局,分析了高铁对区域旅游一体化影响的具体方向、程度和意义。结果发现:(1)高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响增强,扩大了旅游竞争力、出游力等级差异,带来逆向均衡一体化效应;(2)高铁强化了长三角区域旅游格局的核心-边缘结构,边缘地区非高铁城市的旅游竞争力和出游力进一步被削弱,而核心高铁城市上海的中心性仍在增强;(3)高铁开通后,边缘地区新增开高铁城市的旅游格局变化最大,但固有劣势使其不能从根本上改变区域旅游整体的非均衡发展态势;(4)高铁时空压缩在削弱空间距离因素影响的同时,促进了区域旅游竞合关系的本位回归,规避旅游供给的同质化竞争、强调差异化发展是发挥高铁旅游一体化联动效应的根本路径模式。最后,指出高铁开通可以为边缘地区城市提供相对公平的交通发展平台,是防止边缘地区城市进一步被边缘化的必要条件,进而提出了促进区域旅游一体化发展的具体政策建议。     

Temporal-spatial change and driving mechanism for regional difference of domestic tourism in China

By using the variation coefficient,Gini coefficient and Theil coefficient,this paper makes preliminary exploration of temporalspatial change features and driving mechanism for regional differences of domestic tourism in China from 1995 to 2009.According to the results,we drew the following conclusions:(1)The regional difference of domestic tourism in China tends to be narrowing generally,and is less than that of inbound tourism,playing an important role in narrowing the overall gap of regional tourism in China.(2)The regional internal difference features:inter-provincial difference in the eastern region and difference among the eastern,central and western regions are comparatively obvious and demonstrate a significantly shrinking tendency,the change tendency is consistent with the change tendency of overall difference and exercises a decisive role in overall difference,whereas the inter-provincial difference in the central and western regions is small and relatively stable,having less influence on the overall difference.(3)The temporal-spatial change in regional difference is featured by:low-level provinces occupy a majority and are concentrated in the central and western regions,showing a tendency of narrowing difference;high-level provinces are concentrated in the eastern region,showing a tendency of spreading to the central and western regions;spatial pattern of regional difference demonstrates 4 types,i.e."proliferation type","polarization type","quiescence type"and"collapse type."(4)The driving force for regional difference of domestic tourism in China comes down to 3 aspects:regional socio-economic attribute,regional transport accessibility level and regional development policy.     

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的湖南省旅游产业效率时空动态演化及影响因素

旅游产业的提质增效是我国经济新常态下旅游科学研究的重要问题之一。基于DEA-Malmquist指数二次分解模型，变系数固定效应回归模型，对2001~2016年湖南省旅游产业效率时空动态、影响因素及形成机理进行探究。主要结论为：(1） 湖南省旅游产业效率逐步提升，主要表现为规模效率驱动综合效率优化发展，全要素生产率以年均10.9%的速度上升，旅游产业集约化经营程度提升较快。(2）旅游产业效率及分解效率显示出明显的圈层集聚特征，表现为一定的距离衰减现象，纯技术效率则呈现出更为显著的“核心—边缘”空间结构。(3）政府宏观调控、信息化水平、对外开放程度等5大因素对旅游产业效率的正向作用较其他因素更为广泛和显著；影响因素存在明显的强度差异和空间异质性，组合方式和复杂程度也有所不同，是造成湖南省旅游产业效率空间分异的主要原因；一般而言，旅游产业效率低梯度区域受复杂因素的交互作用相对较少，高梯度区域所受复杂因素作用的疏密和强度情况更为复杂。     

基于百度指数的湖南旅游目的地城市旅游者网络关注度及其空间格局研究

网络关注度从赛博空间层面反映了旅游者对旅游目的地的整体感知。通过社会网络分析方法,以综合运用"直接取词法"和"范围取词法"选定的与湖南旅游目的地城市旅游活动密切相关的共计103个关键词的百度指数构建而成的网络关注度指数为分析数据,对湖南旅游目的地城市的网络关注度及其空间格局进行了系统分析。研究发现:(1)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注程度有所差别,但是上述旅游目的地城市的网络关注度在年度周期内呈现出同步波动态势,具有较强的"共现性";(2)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度构成了相对完整的关联结构,但是岳阳与其他旅游目的地城市之间网络信息互动较弱,娄底和益阳与其他旅游目的地城市之间基本没有网络信息互动;(3)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度的网络影响力呈现出明显的等级结构,其中,长沙、郴州和株洲具有显著的"结构洞"优势,对湖南各旅游目的地城市之间的信息流动起到的"桥接"作用明显;(4)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度的空间关联网络可以划分4个板块:其中湘西州位于"经纪人"板块;衡阳等4个节点位于"献媚"位置;长沙等6个节点位于"首属人"位置;娄底、岳阳和益阳则位于"孤立"位置;(5)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度在很大程度上反映了湖南各旅游目的地城市的资源禀赋和旅游产业发展状况,但两者之间并不完全匹配。湖南各旅游目的地城市的资源禀赋和旅游产业是旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市产生网络关注度的基础,而网络关注度则主要通过促进或阻碍地理空间因素的方式对湖南旅游目的地城市网络关注度及其空间格局产生影响。鉴于上述研究发现,论文提出,要促进湖南省的旅游产业发展,各旅游目的地城市除了需要强化自身的优质资源建设,凸显各自的旅游发展特质之外,还需要扩大各旅游目的地城市之间的旅游信息交流和合作,尤其需要促进湖南各旅游目的地城市与其他区域之间的旅游者、旅游信息等要素的自由流动,逐步形成多中心、多网络协同发展的旅游空间格局。     

“Ethereal Carbon”: legitimizing liquefied natural gas in British Columbia

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the provincial government of British Columbia's recent proposal of building a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry, in which natural gas extracted through hydraulic fracturing will be liquefied and then exported to Asian markets. Drawing upon the growing literature on energopower, petro-state, and petro-culture, selected texts and images from “LNG in BC”—the project's official branding website—were analyzed through a multimodal critical discourse analysis. The results reveal two primary strategies of legitimation: the first emphasizes the economic benefits of LNG development in terms of employment and taxation revenues; the second defines LNG as a means of strengthening B.C.’s environmental leadership. The second narrative depends heavily upon the symbolic values of natural gas, contrasting its “clean” appearance (as a colorless and odorless gas) with the material density and “toxic sensuality” of other “dirty” fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and bitumen). The website also presents a linear and simplified “storyline” of the generation of LNG which emphasizes the simple, “clean” process of liquefaction to distract attention from the ecological and health risks of hydraulic fracturing.     

上海与周边客源地间的旅游业经济联系——基于微博受众群体短期出行类型分析

以上海周边地区的新浪微博用户为研究对象，采集其有关上海的博文和评论，通过词频统计、高频词共现网络、出行特征集合以及客源地经济差异函数，分析以上海为目的地的周边地区人口短期出行类型，探究上海与周边地区间旅游业经济联系的辐射、接受作用及其协调性，从短期旅游视角为上海旅游业经济发展提出合理建议。结果表明：(1)不同微博群体出行上海的频次有明显不同，客源地与上海旅游业经济的辐射力、接受力及其差量、效率既存在差别，又在一定范围内具有一致性，故将上海周边客源地划分为5类，其中合肥、嘉兴、舟山、南通表现最佳；(2)以医疗为目的和周期性商务、学习交流为主的群体对上海旅游业经济有稳定的促进作用，且周期性商务、学习交流群体的信息、出行成本最低，其他类型成本呈“点状”或“梯度”分异；(3)道路通达性与客源地经济差异系数拟合曲线呈“反抛物线”型，其对客源地与上海的旅游业经济协调性有明显影响。