兰州市城区河道表层沉积物磁性特征研究

通过系统的环境磁学测定,分析了兰州市城区河道表层沉积物的磁学性质及其对城市污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市城区河道表层沉积物样品磁性特征以亚铁磁性矿物的磁铁矿为主导,同时存在少量赤铁矿和针铁矿贡献.根据参数χFD、χARM、χFD/MS和χARM/MS所指示的人为活动排放物对不同河段沉积物的贡献量将兰州市河流分为3类:末端集中型(排洪沟、寺儿沟、鱼儿沟、水磨沟),源头集中型(七里河、烂泥沟),影响较小型(罗锅沟、大沙沟).与有机质测量结果比较发现,兰州市河道沉积物样品有机质含量与超顺磁颗粒及单畴晶粒具有十分显著的正相关关系,说明了细颗粒磁性矿物对有机碳的富集作用,显示了超顺磁颗粒及单畴颗粒含量作为兰州市城区河道表层沉积物有机质含量的代用指标具有良好的指示意义.     

聚类分析和标识指数法在苏州城区河道的应用

选取2013—2014年苏州市古城区河道8个监测断面的水质监测数据,应用层次聚类分析法和改进的综合水质标识指数法对苏州市古城区河道水质进行综合评价,并对各监测断面综合水质达标率进行计算。结果表明:苏州市古城区主河道水质在2013年5月份后明显好转,但小河道水质改善较小;在空间上呈现出城北河道水质较城南好,纵向河道水质比横向好的特点。根据评价结果与实际工程情况对比发现,层次聚类分析和水质标识指数法可以有效、准确地对城区河道水质进行总体评价。     

涧河新安县城段河道内生态环境需水量研究

以涧河新安县城区段为例,在统计分析1959年-2010年新安水文站水文资料的基础上,采用水文学中的Tennant法和水力学中的R2CROSS法分析计算了河道内基本生态需水量,另外还计算了河道水质净化需水、河道蒸发渗漏需水、河道最小输沙需水.按照不重复计算的原则,在几个方面需水量中取最大值,得出涧河城区段河道内生态环境需水量为3 010.0 m3/s,此水量是该河段恢复河流生态结构与功能健康的最佳需水量,这一结果对河道的水资源可持续利用和维持河流生态系统平衡都有着重要的参考作用.     

城市内河生态修复的技术对策及实证

本文初步探讨了城市内河生态修复的技术对策,并以2012年度慈溪市城区河道生态修复工程为实例,分析了生物膜技术、水生植物净化技术、微生物循环驯化技术、河道造流曝气技术等方法。研究结果表明:通过内河生态修复,慈溪市城市内河在水质指标、水体净化、景观生态等方面都有所改善,而且具有良好的社会和经济效益。     

以河网作为城市水源的污染问题和湿地净化

杭嘉湖某市地处长江三角洲,其饮用水水源来自河道水网.近年来由于上游经济发展迅速,环境保护相对滞后,水网水质下降严重.河道水网具有污染源多,水动力学条件复杂多变,控制困难等特点.为保障供水安全,该市在新塍塘的水厂进水口前建设了"生态型水质净化湿地系统".它的总面积为110hm2,由预处理区、根孔净化区、泵提升和曝气充氧区、深度净化区(湖系统)组成.监测结果表明,该湿地使原水水质显著提高,其中氨氮去除率达到32.5%.同时湿地系统还具有贮存大量原水缓冲水厂供应、提供清新空气、为很多物种提供栖息地等多种生态服务功能.     

基于GIS的上海市河道及其水污染空间特征分析

在GIS支持下,对上海市的河道及其水质污染的空间格局进行分析,并进一步分析了水质污染面积与景观格局指数之间的关系.结果表明,上海市河道的水面率、河道密度、边界密度、分形数的空间分布特征表现为中心城区低,郊区高的趋势;河道水质污染在空间上呈现中心城区严重污染,近郊区到远郊区水质污染逐步减轻的趋势;而河道水质污染面积与河道景观空间指数之间呈现显著正相关,定量分析表明,河道污染水面积的对数与河道的边界密度之间满足非线性关系.     

采用水体表观污染指数法评价苏州城市水体表观质量

以苏州城区河道为例,运用水体表观污染指数法(SPI)分别从整体区域、片区之间及典型河道3个层次进行分析并评价苏州城区河道水体表观质量。结果表明:在研究期间,苏州城区河道整体表观质量具有向好的趋势;不同片区水体表观质量具有明显差异,其中城南片、古城西北片区最差,山塘片区最优,高新区优于古城区;典型河道彩香桥始终优于张广桥、黄花泾桥,黄花泾桥表观质量波动较大,总体处于较差等级。表观污染指数法能够多层次评价水体表观质量,科学阐述表观污染现象的发展历程及评价水体修复工程成效。     

长江流域典型城市河段黑臭水体生态整治案例分析

童套河、西沙河是长江流域有代表性的河网型河道水体,也是扬州市中心城区典型的黑臭水体.分析并阐述了童套河、西沙河主要水环境问题、治理措施、典型治理技术以及治理成效.治理前河道水体存在两岸污水收集能力不足、生活垃圾任意堆放,河道内水体流动性差、底泥淤积严重、水生态系统退化等问题,水质表现为黑臭,扬州市采取了控源截污、内源清...     

太湖五里湖非点源污染物的来源与控制对策

现场调查显示,五里湖非点源污染物来源于城区道路、居民区、农业和绿化施肥等方面,在降雨时通过河道、湖周散流和大气沉降方式入湖.根据流域环境特点,将五里湖流域划分为西南山地风景旅游管理区,北部新城污染控制区和东南农业、渔业综合整治区3个区域类型,并对各区提出了如下的非点源污染控制对策:西南山地风景旅游管理区需采取陆上植被保护和滨水植被恢复工程;北部新城污染控制区需采取滨水区、河口区、河道区植被恢复工程以及人工湿地工程;东南农业、渔业综合整治区需采取有机农业工程、污水处理工程、植物塘净化工程和河道生态净化工程.      

重庆市研发成功城市地下管网危险源智能监管系统

近日,在国家和重庆市相关科技计划项目支持下,重庆梅安森科技股份有限公司成功研发出城市地下管网危险源智能监管系统。该系统针对城市地下管网气体危险源的特点,采用红外传感器技术,可对管网内的爆炸性及有毒有害（如甲烷、硫化氢气体等）气体浓度进行实时监测,实现了监测无人值守、数据实时采集与气体抽排控制等功能,具有监测精度高、使用寿命长、受环境影响小、可维护性强等优势特点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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