US/Fenton协同降解苯酚模拟废水

研究了US/Fenton协同作用对水中苯酚的降解效果,探讨了Fenton试剂浓度、H2O2/Fe2 配比、溶液pH值等对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:Fenton试剂投加量的增加对降解反应先促进后抑制;当H2O2/Fe2 配比为40∶1,H2O2投加量为40mmol/L,溶液pH值3.0～7.0时,US/Fenton对苯酚的降解速率最快,反应30min后的降解效率远大于单独US、Fenton试剂氧化处理下的降解效率总和,其表现一级动力学速率常数增强因子可达到2.45,表明US/Fenton联用存在明显的协同效应.     

含酚废水的Fenton试剂和光助 Fenton试剂降解研究

研究了在Fenton试剂和光助Fenton试剂作用下，苯酚降解的反应条件。研究结果表明。反应的时间、初始pH值、H2O2和Fe^2＋浓度对Fenton反应都有影响。常温下，当H2O2浓度为20mmol／L，Fe^2＋浓度为4mmol／L时，pH为1，反应时间为30min时，苯酚的转化率达到98％，矿化率达到65％以上。光助Fenton法可以大幅度提高含酚废水的降解率。     

超声波/H2O2/CuO协同氧化降解苯酚

以CuO为催化剂,利用超声波(US)、H2O2及US/H2O2降解苯酚模拟废水,考察了多种因素的影响,并对其降解动力学进行了分析.结果表明,CuO催化作用明显;H2O2投加量的增加对降解反应先促进后抑制;溶液pH值先升高后降低,当溶液初始pH值为5.50时,苯酚的降解效果最好.在溶液初始pH值为5.50,CuO加入量为1mg/mL,H2O2投加量为40mmol/L时,US/H2O2/CuO降解苯酚的速率常数(k)为3.04(10-2min-1,明显大于US、US/H2O2、H2O2/CuO处理下的k值(5.25(10-4,2.31(10-3,2.31(10-2min-1),降解过程均符合表观一级反应动力学.     

太阳光助Fenton体系氧化降解苯酚废水的研究

探讨了太阳光助Fenton体系对苯酚的氧化降解。结果表明，太阳光能有效地增强Fenton试剂对苯酚的氧化降解，在晴天较强太阳光照下，Fenton试剂可在较短时间内使较高浓度的苯酚完全矿化。反应体系的初始pH值及Fe^2 用量均对苯酚的氧化降解有明显影响，反应的适宜pH值在3—4的酸性范围内；适量Fe^2 参与的太阳光—Fenton反应有助于苯酚的降解，但过高的Fe^2 用量反而不利于苯酚的降解。实验结果还表明，采用分批多次投加的方式可明显提高氧化剂H202的利用效率，降低H202的消耗量；苯酚废水降解的主要中间产物为苯醌和有机酸；一定程度的太阳光—Fenton预氧化处理可使废水的BOD5／C02cr比值由0.10捉高到0.32，可生化性明显提高。     

超声波/Fenton联用对对硝基苯酚的处理

采用超声/Fenton联用技术对水中对硝基苯酚(P-NP)进行处理,探讨了单纯超声(US)、Fenton试剂法、US/Fenton试剂法联用对P-NP的处理效果和影响因素,结果表明,对于浓度为10mg/L的P-NP, 当pH=3、H2O2与Fe2 投加量之比为10:1、H2O2投加量为40mg/L时降解效果最好,通过动力学分析发现US/Fenton试剂法对P-NP的降解具有明显的协同效应.     

Fe^2＋/NaClO深度处理焦化废水的研究

研究采用NaClO产生的HClO代替Fenton试剂中的氧化剂H2O2,并与Fe^2＋协同处理焦化厂二级生化出水。结果表明：NaClO投加量,溶液的初始pH值,Fe^2＋投加量,反应温度和投加方式是影响Fe^2＋/NaClO处理焦化废水效果的重要因素,而反应时间对处理效果的影响不大。在相同实验条件下,Fe^2＋/NaClO协同处理焦化废水的效果优于Fenton试剂。NaClO投加量为2 mL/L,pH=3,Fe^2＋投加量为40 mg/L,反应时间为10 min,反应温度为25℃～45℃的最佳实验条件下,Fe^2＋/NaClO对CODcr的去除率和色度的去除率分别为62.2%和81.7%,剩余CODcr能降到136 mg/L,色度减小为64倍,达到了国家二级排放标准的要求。     

Fenton试剂预处理实际印染废水的实验研究

通过单因素影响实验和正交实验,以COD去除率和可生化性能两个指标作为筛选依据,全面研究了Fenton试剂作为预处理工艺,在常温下对实际印染废水的处理规律和最佳操作条件。首先研究了COD去除率随H2O2投加量和投加方式、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、初始pH值、反应时间等的变化规律,最后正交实验结果确定了最佳操作条件为：30％H202投加量5mL／L,FeSO4·7H2O投加量800mg／L,pH值为3．45,此时H2O2：Fe^2＋摩尔比为15．5。COD去除率为33．4％,BOD／COD值从0．139增加到0．321,可生化性能的提高为后续生物处理阶段提供了良好条件。     

Fenton试剂处理苯酚废水的研究

Fenton试剂作为一种强氧化剂,广泛应用于废水处理。本文通过单因素及正交实验分析了pH、H2O2投加量、Fe2+浓度、反应时间等因素对Fenton试剂降解苯酚废水的影响。结果表明其影响的主次关系为:FeSO4·7H2O用量pH值H2O2用量反应时间。最佳条件为:FeSO4·7H2O投加量为6g/L、pH=3、H2O2溶液投加量为8mL/L、反应时间为50min,此时CODCr去除率高达95.03%。     

FeOOH催化降解苯酚的性能研究

用沉淀法制备FeOOH,以此为催化剂采用非均相Fenton高级氧化技术降解苯酚。对催化剂的投加量、H2O2的投加量、初始pH对苯酚去除的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,pH=3.0、双氧水的投加量为19.6mmol·L-1,催化剂的投加量为2.0 g·L-1,室温下反应10 min,苯酚的去除率可达90%以上。非均相Fenton氧化法降解苯酚能有效拓宽反应溶液pH值范围,对废水的苯酚的去除具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fenton法预处理医药生产废水

采用Fenton法对医药废水进行预处理。当原水COD约为11000mg／L时,COD去除率可达90％以上,并得到最佳操作条件为：H2O2投加量为60g／L,Fe^2＋投加量为1．0g／L,反应时间为30min,pH=4．0—6．0。对比反应前后的紫外光谱说明,经Fenton反应后原水中的芳香化合物已得到了彻底的氧化分解。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.