贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.     

岩溶区不同土地利用下地下水碳同位素地球化学特征及生态意义

通过分析贵州洪家渡盆地地下水水化学和溶解无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)同位素(δ13CDIC)季节变化特征,探讨岩溶区不同土地利用类型下影响地下水δ13CDIC特征的自然过程和人为因素.结果表明:洪家渡盆地地下水中DIC主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和土壤CO2.地下水δ13CDIC值冬季为-14. 8‰～-4. 1‰,平均值-10. 1‰;夏季为-14. 5‰～-6. 3‰,平均值-10. 2‰.含煤地层中硫化物氧化和酸雨带来的H2SO4参与碳酸盐岩风化使地下水δ13CDIC值整体偏正.由于土壤CO2效应,人类活动干扰程度小的林地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季冬季.夏季农业活动施用的大量肥料产生的HNO3参与了碳酸盐岩风化,使耕地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季冬季.居住区人为输入的有机质降解对地下水DIC贡献较大,冬夏季δ13CDIC平均值分别-11. 9‰和-11. 6‰,季节差异较小.不同季节、不同土地利用类型下,人类活动方式不同导致地下水δ13CDIC值与水化学存在差异.因此,δ13CDIC可以反映人类活动对岩溶含水层的影响,具有良好的生态指示意义.     

广西五里峡水库夏季溶解无机碳行为的初步研究

为更加清晰地认识无机碳在岩溶水库水体中的循环转化过程,2013年7月初对位于岩溶区的广西五里峡水库沿流程方向不同地点不同深度水体进行现场监测.结果表明:1研究区水体水化学主要受碳酸盐平衡体系控制,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca+Mg型.2水体溶解无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)含量及其同位素组成δ13CDIC分布特征:沿流程方向从库尾到坝前同一深度不同取样点DIC含量呈减小趋势(DIC(平均):1.03～0.78 mmol·L-1),δ13CDIC则逐渐变重(δ13CDIC(平均):-10.21‰～-6.62‰).沿垂直方向从表层向库底DIC含量呈增加趋势(DIC(平均):0.86～1.05 mmol·L-1),δ13CDIC则逐渐变轻(δ13CDIC(平均):-7.88‰～-13.39‰).分析认为:1碳酸盐岩溶解沉淀过程对研究区水体DIC含量及δ13CDIC的影响有限或被其它过程平抑.2研究区水体存在热分层现象,其通过影响水库不同部位、不同深度水生生物新陈代谢的方向及强度、有机质分解强度等对水体DIC及δ13CDIC产生影响,使之出现前述变化趋势.     

不同岩溶环境条件下岩溶地下水中δ~(13)C_(DIC)特征

岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC值主要是受土壤碳库和碳酸盐岩碳库的δ13 C所制约。本研究选取两个气候条件完全不同的南方广西桂林、北方山西汾阳为对比研究对象,通过取样测试分析两个地区岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC值,发现北方汾阳岩溶地下水的δ13 CDIC范围为-7.53‰～-12.25‰,平均为-9.84‰;南方桂林岩溶泉水的δ13 CDIC范围为-9.22‰～-15.99‰,平均为-13.06‰;北方岩溶水比南方偏重3.22‰。结合两个地区所处的气候环境条件分析,北方暖温带干旱半干旱大陆性季风区,C4植被发育,C3/C4比例低,土壤碳库的δ13 C重;南方亚热带湿润季风区C3植被发育,C3/C4比例高,土壤碳库的δ13 C轻。因此气候条件不同引起生态条件的差异而造成南北方地下水δ13 CDIC的不同。这为利用同位素方法研究地下水对气候条件变化的响应提供了理论依据。     

岩溶地下河补给的地表溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素组成的时空变化

岩溶水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)主要以HCO_3~-形式存在,其同位素(δ~(13)CDIC)被广泛用于示踪DIC的不同来源及其影响因素.为了解亚热带典型岩溶溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素的分布规律,本文以广西柳州官村地下河补给的地表溪流为研究对象,对其水化学特征和δ~(13)CDIC进行分析.结果表明,溪流上游和下游的DIC与δ~(13)CDIC都表现出明显的时空变化特征,地下河出口(G1点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.73±0.14)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.23±0.68)mmol·L~(-1).溪流下游(G2点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.56±0.23)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.20±0.59)mmol·L~(-1).溪流上游的旱季δ~(13)CDIC变化范围为-12.22‰±0.49‰,雨季的变化范围为-12.28‰±0.82‰;溪流下游的旱季变化范围为-10.73±0.71‰,雨季的变化范围为-11.10‰±0.90‰.两个点水体DIC含量旱季均高于雨季,且G1点要高于下游G2点.两个点水体δ~(13)CDIC值旱季较雨季偏重,且G2点水体δ~(13)CDIC值显著高于G1点δ~(13)CDIC值.地下河水和溪流DIC主要来源于土壤CO2和碳酸盐岩溶蚀,但是溪流上游与下游DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值差异表明水体的CO2脱气作用,水生植物的光合作用显著影响了水体DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值.     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...     

岩溶泉水化学性质及δ13CDIC影响因素

为了深入研究岩溶泉水水化学性质与溶解无机碳同位素(δ13CDIC)的变化特征及其影响因素,在雨季(2014年6月~2014年10月)对柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉、后沟泉进行监测,并与旱季进行对比分析.结果表明,3个岩溶泉在雨季的碳酸盐岩溶蚀量大于旱季,但消耗的CO2量却小于旱季,其中兰花沟泉和后沟泉的CO2消耗量为负值.相对于雨季其它月份,7月与旱季一样,岩溶作用减弱但消耗的CO2量增加.因为受到水动力条件影响,7月H2CO3对碳酸盐岩溶蚀的贡献增加,而HNO3与H2SO4对碳酸盐岩溶蚀的贡献则降低.另外,HNO3与H2SO4溶蚀碳酸盐岩及其对HCO-3产生的脱水作用都会导致δ13CDIC偏正,因此δ13CDIC与NO-3+SO2-4浓度呈现出正相关性,而与HCO-3浓度呈现出负相关性.这说明水动力条件以及HNO3与H2SO4的参与对岩溶泉水化学性质及δ13CDIC的变化具有重要影响.     

西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度及同位素组成初探

通过分析西安周边4条主要河流(浐河、灞河、涝河、黑河)的溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度和碳同位素组成,初步探讨了西安周边主要河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度变化及碳源.结果表明西安周边主要河流DIC浓度的变化范围为0.34～5.66mmol.L-1,平均为1.23 mmol.L-1,自源头到下游,DIC浓度呈现升高趋势.4条河流δ13CDIC值的变化范围在-13.3‰～-7.2‰之间,平均值约为-10.1‰,4条河流整体表现为δ13CDIC值在源头偏负(平均值约为-12.6‰),中下游农耕区δ13CDIC值偏正(平均值约为-9.4‰),靠近入渭河河口的城市区δ13CDIC表现为偏负值(平均值为-10.5‰).DIC浓度与河流DIC碳同位素组成的变化规律揭示了河流溶解无机碳来源的变化,土壤CO2的输入可能是源头水体DIC的主要来源;中下游农耕区河水δ13CDIC值偏正是由于农业区农作物存在C4植被(如:玉米),使得农业区土壤CO2和土壤碳酸盐具有偏正的碳同位素组成,进而导致河流水体具有偏正的δ13CDIC值;靠近河口处具有较低δ13C值,污水的大量输入可能导致河水δ13CDIC表现为偏负.结果表明西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度和同位素组成变化大致指示了河流从源头到下游过程中DIC的可能来源,可为黄土高原小流域河流无机碳来源示踪研究提供参考.     

硫酸对乌江中上游段岩溶水化学及δ13 CDIC的影响

对乌江中上游段地表和地下水水化学、溶解无机碳(DIC)同位素组成(δ13CDIC)进行了测试,探讨流域水化学特征及主要影响因素,利用化学计量法对硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩的比例及对HCO-3离子的贡献比例进行了计算.结果表明:1乌江上游段地表和地下水优势阳离子均为Ca2+,分别占全部阳离子的50%以上,阴离子以HCO-3、SO2-4为主,两者占总阴离子的85%以上,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca,部分为HCO3·SO4-Ca型,反映出部分地下水和地表水可能受到人类源的SO2-4影响;2地下水和地表水的δ13CDIC值介于-12.98‰~-6.36‰,且[Ca2++Mg2+]/[HCO-3]当量比值介于1.11~1.90,H2SO4对流域水化学和δ13CDIC具有重要影响;3硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩对地下水(Ca2++Mg2+)和HCO-3的贡献变化分别介于20.59%~92.87%(平均贡献率为51.50%)和11.47%~86.69%(平均贡献率为36.90%);对地表水(Ca2++Mg2+)和HCO-3的贡献变化分别介于56.14%~94.55%(平均贡献率为76.89%)和39.02%~89.66%(平均贡献率为64.24%),显示硫酸显著地影响到流域碳酸盐岩的风化过程.研究结果对乌江流域水资源的保护和开发利用及岩溶碳循环研究意义重大.     

高分辨率监测下的漓江省里断面生物地球化学特征分析

为了获得漓江流域不同季节生物地球化学昼夜动态变化过程、影响因素与规律,分别于2016年10月30日~11月1日(秋季)和2017年9月14~16日(夏季)对漓江流域省里断面进行了为期48 h的高分辨率在线监测和高频率取样工作,研究其水文参数[电导率(EC)、水温(T)、p H]以及Ca2+、HCO3-、NO3-等离子含量和溶解无机碳同位素(δ13CDIC)等水化学参数的昼夜变化规律,并分析其影响因素,同时评估水生植物对输入岩溶水生生态系统中溶解无机碳的固定量。结果表明:(1)省里断面水化学参数表现出显著的昼夜变化规律,T、p H、DO、SIC白天上升夜间下降,Ca2+、HCO3-、EC、p CO2白天降低夜晚上升且秋季昼夜变化幅度大于夏季。(2) SO42-、Cl-、Na+、K+和Mg2+等营养元素含量昼夜变化主要受水生植物代谢过程(同化作用)控制,呈现白天降低夜间升高的变化规律。同时,省里断面夏季营养元素昼夜变化幅度小于秋季。(3)省里断面溶解无机碳同位素(δ13CDIC)主要受水生植物光合作用和呼吸作用控制,表现为白天偏重晚上偏轻的动态变化。受土壤根系和土壤微生物呼吸作用强度和河流水文要素季节变化的影响,夏季省里断面δ13CDIC总体上偏轻于秋季,两者的平均值分别为-10.08‰和-8.90‰。(4)通过计算,实验期间省里断面水生植物光合作用岩溶碳汇量日平均值为2.12mmol·L-1和0.94mmol·L-1,秋季比夏季具有更高的固碳效率。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.