Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland

Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO₂ emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO₂ emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO₂ emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration.     

Estimation of carbon dioxide flux and source partitioning over Beijing, China

The magnitude and partitioning of carbon dioxide emission from the urban area in Beijing, China was estimated based on a statistical approach. Results showed that the urban surface is a net source of CO2 to atmosphere. The main sources of CO2 are vehicles, which accounted for 75.5% and 38.9% of CO2 emission in summer and winter, respectively. At midday in summer, the CO2 uptake of-0.034 mg/（m^2.sec） indicated that vegetation is an important sink of CO2 in summer. Comparison between the annual emission rates of CO2 from the statistical approach and that directly measured by the eddy covariance technique implies that a bottom-up emission approach is a viable means to estimate CO2 emission in an urban area.     

模拟海平面上升和氮负荷增加对河口感潮沼泽湿地CO2垂直交换的影响

海平面上升和氮负荷增加是入海河流河口面临的两个主要全球性环境问题.揭示河口潮滩沼泽湿地CO₂垂直通量对二者及交互作用的响应,对于科学评估全球变化背景下的河口潮滩沼泽湿地生态系统蓝碳功能具有重要的科学意义.本研究以闽江河口鳝鱼滩中潮滩短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,在野外原位实施模拟海平面上升、氮负荷增加及二者交互作用的实验处理近1年后,在2019年冬季各月的大潮日白天涨潮前、平潮期及落潮后3个阶段,运用透明静态箱（或遮光布遮光）+Li-6800光合作用仪对短叶茳芏湿地生态系统净CO₂交换（NEE）和生态系统呼吸（ER）进行测定.结果发现,与对照处理相比,冬季尺度3种处理下短叶茳芏湿地生态系统NEE均显著增加;模拟海平面上升影响下短叶茳芏湿地生态系统ER无显著变化;氮负荷增加及二者交互作用下,短叶茳芏湿地ER均显著增加.模拟海平面上升、氮负荷增加及二者交互作用情景下,短叶茳芏湿地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）均明显增加.研究表明,在未考虑甲烷排放的情景下,即使在冬季,海平面上升、氮负荷增加及二者交互作用将可能增加亚热带河口潮滩半咸水沼泽湿地的碳汇功能.     

透明箱法监测稻田生态系统CO2通量的研究

采用透明箱法对稻田生态系统CO₂通量进行了田间定位观测,并对透明箱内CO₂浓度的变化规律及拟合方法进行了探讨.结果表明,在水稻生长旺盛期的晴天(白天),箱内CO₂浓度随测定时间呈非线性变化,因此用常规的线性拟合法(LR)计算的CO₂净吸收通量明显低于指数一级动力学拟合法(ER).在水稻生长旺盛期的阴天、成熟期以及夜间,箱内CO₂浓度随测定时间表现为线性变化,LR法与ER法的CO₂净吸收通量计算结果无显著差异.在水稻生长期间,基于LR法的稻田生态系统碳累积吸收量结果明显低于ER法,而后者与常用方法(植物净固定碳量减去土壤异氧呼吸排放碳量)的计算结果比较接近.证实了当植被同化速率较强时,采用ER法对透明箱内CO₂浓度随时间的变化进行拟合并计算CO₂净吸收通量较为适宜.同时表明采用透明箱法观测农田生态系统CO₂通量是可行的.     

温度和水分对中亚热带人工林生态系统呼吸的调控作用

全球气候变化导致的降水格局改变影响陆地生态系统碳收支状况。陆地生态系统所固定的碳主要通过呼吸作用返回到大气中,而温度和水分是调节生态系统呼吸的重要因素。ChinaFLUX千烟洲中亚热带人工林通量站夏季雨热不同季而造成的季节性干旱为探讨温度和水分对生态系统呼吸的调控作用提供了天然的试验条件。研究利用该生态系统2003-2010年涡度相关和常规气象数据,阐述了生态系统呼吸对温度和土壤含水量的响应特征,对比分析了只考虑温度与同时考虑温度和土壤含水量对生态系统呼吸的季节模式和年呼吸量的影响。研究表明,生态系统呼吸的季节变异主要受土壤温度的控制,呈现指数响应特征。但是,在干旱胁迫条件下,土壤含水量对生态系统呼吸的季节变异起到明显的调控作用。参考温度下的生态系统呼吸(R_ref)明显受土壤含水量的影响。生态系统年呼吸量为1 289.4±73.9 gC·m^-2·a^-1,两类模型的估算结果没有显著差异。但是在生态系统的季节变异上,两类模型估算存在显著差异,同时考虑温度与土壤含水量的模型更适合模拟遭受干旱胁迫的生态系统呼吸。     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

地膜覆盖和施氮对菜地CO2通量的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖和不同施氮处理对菜地生态系统CO₂净交换通量（Net CO₂ Ecosystem Exchange,简称NEE）、生态系统呼吸通量（Ecosystem Respiration,简称ER）及总初级生产力（Gross Primary Productivity,简称GPP）的影响,以辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态明/暗箱-气相色谱法,进行了为期1 a（2014年5月-2015年4月）的田间原位观测.试验设置8个处理,分别为常规无氮（CN0）、覆膜无氮（MN0）、常规低氮（CN1）、覆膜低氮（MN1）、常规中氮（CN2）、覆膜中氮（MN2）、常规高氮（CN3）、覆膜高氮（MN3）.结果表明,辣椒季累积NEE最大值分别为CN3和MN3处理下的-30.96和-29.83 t·hm^-2,累积ER排放量最大值分别为CN1和MN1处理下的40.18和39.16 t·hm^-2,累积GPP最大值分别为CN3和MN3处理下的70.60和68.61 t·hm^-2;萝卜季累积NEE最大值分别为CN3和MN3处理下的-22.25和-24.88 t·hm^-2,累积ER排放量最大值分别为CN2和MN2处理下的17.00和19.43 t·hm^-2,累积GPP最大值分别为CN3和MN3处理下的37.92和43.80 t·hm^-2.在两个生长季中,覆膜及覆膜和施氮的交互作用只对辣椒季中ER有显著影响,对于NEE和GPP均无显著影响（p>0.05）;施氮显著提高了菜地生态系统NEE和GPP而降低了辣椒季ER（p<0.05）,并且这种增加或降低效应随着施氮量的提高而逐渐增强.本研究中菜地呈现碳汇并随着施氮水平的提高碳汇逐渐增强,而覆膜对CO₂固定无显著影响,表明常规高氮的农田管理措施能够提高西南地区代表性的辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地的固碳潜力,对该地区农田生态系统碳的源/汇功能具有一定的参考意义.     

喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林过去50年来的碳循环模拟

通过对Forest-DNDC模型的植被和土壤参数本地化校准,以气象插值数据为输入,模拟了贵州省普定县高原型喀斯特次生常绿与落叶阔叶混交林1965~2014年的土壤、植被和生态系统碳循环特征。结果表明,与冷模拟和实测值相比,参数本地化校准后的模型能更准确地模拟春、秋、冬3个季节的土壤呼吸动态,而模拟的夏季土壤呼吸偏小;但统计检验指出,参数修订后的Forest-DNDC模型能够较好地模拟喀斯特森林土壤呼吸,降低了模拟误差,可用于喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林碳动态的模拟。进一步分析发现,1965~2014年喀斯特森林的碳通量除模拟早期的前3~4年急剧增加之外,随后总初级生产力(GPP)保持相对稳定,植物呼吸(Rplant)和生态系统呼吸(R_(ecosystem))随着森林发育而增加,土壤呼吸(R_(soil))减少,植被净初级生产力(NPP)呈迅速减小趋势;净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)亦较迅速下降,在2013年达到最低值-0.17 t C/ha,喀斯特森林由碳汇变为弱碳源。相关分析表明,年均温度和年降水对喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林的GPP和R_(soil)没有显著影响,但却显著影响NPP、R_(plant)、R_(ecosystem)和NEE。     

长江口崇西湿地生态系统的二氧化碳交换及潮汐影响

河口湿地具备不同于其他生态系统的典型的生物化学特征. 利用开路式涡度相关系统,对长江口崇西湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了初步研究. 结果表明,生长季CO₂交换呈V字型特征,平均CO₂交换量为-0.06 mg/(m2>/sup>·s);非生长季无明显特征,平均CO₂交换量为0.025 mg/(m2>/sup>·s). 这与其他生态系统CO₂交换特征相符合,主要是生长季的植被光合固碳作用所致. 非生长季的净生态系统CO₂交换比生长季受土壤温度的影响更大. 大潮期和小潮期的CO₂交换表明,无论是生长季还是非生长季,小潮期从生态系统释放到大气的CO₂均高于大潮期,潮汐高度与CO₂释放量呈负相关,暗示着高水位抑制生态系统呼吸和阻碍CO₂的传输,从而减少了CO₂的释放. 通过分析大潮期和小潮期的植被净光合速率发现,同一地点的植被固碳过程受潮汐的影响不很明显. 潮汐对净生态系统CO₂交换的影响主要是减少了土壤呼吸释放CO₂的过程. 总体而言,崇西湿地在年周期内表现为CO₂的汇.      

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

杭州地区大气CO2体积分数变化特征及影响因素

选取2015年8月至2016年9月杭州城区、远郊地区在线观测CO_2体积分数,分析杭州地区CO_2体积分数的城郊差异,并结合风向、CO_2体积分数周末效应、二十国集团(G20)峰会期间CO_2体积分数变化过程分析,探讨杭州城市对CO_2体积分数的影响程度.结果表明,杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的日变化分布以单峰型形态为主,植物光合作用/呼吸作用和大气输送条件的日变化是主要的影响因素;城郊CO_2体积分数差值表现为双峰形态,人为排放对城郊CO_2体积分数差值的日变化分布存在重要影响.CO_2体积分数日变化幅度在春夏季节远郊地区大于城区,秋季则反之.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的季节变化趋势基本一致,均表现为冬、春季高,夏季低;城郊CO_2体积分数差值冬季最高,夏季最低.杭州地区CO_2体积分数高值的输送方向与周边城市区域的分布方向一致.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数均呈现周末效应,尤其在城区,机动车排放对工作日-周末CO_2体积分数的日变化分布存在影响.杭州城区CO_2平均体积分数比远郊地区高9.3×10-6,G20峰会期间人为源排放的减少有效地降低了大气CO_2体积分数,尤其对市区的削减效果更为明显.     

施氮对黄土旱塬区春玉米土壤呼吸和温度敏感性的影响

了解施氮对土壤呼吸和温度敏感性的影响,是研究农田土壤呼吸变化的重要环节,对预测农田土壤呼吸变化具有重要意义.基于中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站的氮肥管理试验,于2013年4月至2014年9月利用LI-8100系统(LICOR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测施氮和不施氮条件下旱地春玉米生长季土壤呼吸、温度、水分以及根系生物量的变化,研究施氮条件下生物与非生物因素对土壤呼吸速率和温度敏感性(Q10)的影响.施氮显著提高了生长季土壤的累积呼吸量(P0.05),与不施氮相比,施氮处理累积呼吸量2013年提高了35%,2014年提高了54%.但施氮显著降低了土壤呼吸温度敏感性(P0.05),施氮处理的Q10较对照2013年降低了27%,2014年降低了17%.施氮显著提高了春玉米产量、地上部生物量和根系生物量(P0.05).施氮处理根系生物量较不施氮处理2013年提高了0.32倍,2014年提高了1.23倍.施氮对土壤温度和水分无显著影响,根系生物量是施氮条件下导致土壤呼吸差异的重要生物因素.     

外源碳和氮输入对降水变化下土壤呼吸的短期影响

利用野外原位小区控制试验,模拟研究了降水变化下草地生态系统土壤呼吸对外源碳和氮输入的响应.在2014年,以内蒙古锡林河流域温带典型草原为研究对象,测定了增加降水处理（CK）、增加降水配施氮肥处理[CN,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1]、增加降水配施碳源处理[CG,24 g·（m²·a）^-1]和增加降水配施氮肥和碳源处理[CNG,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1+24 g·（m²·a）^-1]下土壤呼吸的变化,并分析了土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）之间的关系.结果表明,在自然降水较多的第一次增加降水（FWE）阶段,CG处理和CNG处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著增加,而CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量无显著变化,并且CG处理和CNG处理土壤MBC含量显著高于CK处理和CN处理,同时,该阶段平均CO₂释放速率与土壤MBC含量正相关（P<0.05）.与FWE阶段相比,无自然降水的第二次增加降水（SWE）阶段各处理168 h土壤CO₂累积释放量显著降低,并且各处理MBC含量也显著降低（P<0.05）,仅有土壤DOC含量显著增加（P<0.05）,CG处理和CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著降低（P<0.05）.两个降水阶段土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度或土壤体积含水量均有显著的正相关性（P<0.05）.因此,自然降水的分布对土壤水分的影响调控着外源氮和碳对半干旱草地生态系统土壤呼吸的作用效应.     

放牧对呼伦贝尔草甸草原土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响

放牧是影响草地生态系统碳循环过程的重要人类活动因素,定量研究放牧对土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)的影响,对于准确评估草地碳收支和碳平衡至关重要.本研究依托呼伦贝尔草甸草原放牧梯度试验平台,利用动态密闭气室法(Li 6400-09)测量草地不同放牧梯度下的土壤呼吸作用.结果表明,不同放牧梯度下土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化,且主要受温度因子主导,7月土壤呼吸速率达最大;2011年生长季5~9月不同放牧强度的平均土壤呼吸速率大小顺序为:G1(0.23Au·hm-2)>G0(未放牧)>G2(0.34 Au·hm-2)>G3(0.46 Au·hm-2)>G4(0.69 Au·hm-2)>G5(0.92 Au·hm-2).与不放牧相比,重度放牧(0.92 Au·hm-2)条件下Q10值减少了约10%,而轻度放牧(0.23 Au·hm-2)条件下Q10值略有升高.总体上,土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)与放牧强度显著负相关(r=0.944,P<0.05),放牧不同程度地降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.不同放牧梯度下Q10值与地上、地下生物量、土壤有机碳和土壤含水量之间存在显著的正相关线性回归关系,可以解释不同放牧梯度下Q10值71.0%~85.2%的变异性.放牧条件下Q10值发生变化本质上是生物因素和环境因子共同作用的结果.     

Observed levels and trends of gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at Mt. Waliguan, China: Results from 1997 to 2009

Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3,particularly those from the background sites,are rarely reported.We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan(WLG),the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent.The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009.The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28±0.41 and 0.22±0.19μg/m3,respectively.The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons,while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern.In most months,the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2,suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources.The SO2 concentration had a very significant(P < 0.0001) decreasing trend(-0.2μg/(m3·yr)) in 1997-2002,but a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend(+0.06 μg/(m 3 ·yr)) in 2003-2009.The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009.While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions,the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world.Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009,with a rate of +0.13μg/(m3·yr) and +0.007μg/(m3·yr),respectively.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

秸秆生物炭对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统碳足迹的影响

为探究生物炭对干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统温室气体排放和碳足迹的影响.设置不同施用量的生物炭处理［0（CK）、15（C15）、30（C30）和45 t ·hm^-2（C45）］,连续2 a监测覆膜滴灌条件下一次性施用秸秆生物炭后玉米农田生态系统土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂O和CH₄）排放的季节变化及其综合增温潜势,利用生命周期评估法估算农业生产活动引起的碳排放量,并进行碳足迹的分析.施用生物炭当年的作物生长季土壤CO₂累积排放量比CK下降17.6%~24.7%,N₂O累积排放量下降71.1%~110.4%,综合增温潜势降低19.5%~25.9%.生物炭施用后第2 a作物生长季的CO₂累积排放量比CK减少19.2%~40.6%,N₂O累积排放量减少38.7%~46.7%,综合增温潜势减少19.7%~40.5%.连续2 a处理C15和C30均不同程度增加了CH₄累积吸收量,而处理C45显著降低了CH₄累积吸收量.C15和C45分别为生物炭施用当年和翌年单位产量碳足迹最少的处理,其单位产量碳足迹较CK分别降低10.1%和26.2%.土壤温室气体排放量对玉米农田生态系统碳足迹贡献率最大（38.1%~59.2%）,其次为氮肥生产（19.8%~33.4%）,而后为电能生产（6.7%~8.8%）和地膜覆盖（4.4%~7.4%）.生物炭对生态系统碳足迹贡献率为5.7%~13.8%.施用30 t ·hm^-2生物炭对农田生态系统减排固碳增产效果更好.改善生物炭制作工艺及运输途径、提高氮肥利用效率和发展节水节能灌溉技术,是减少旱区农田生态系统碳足迹的重要途径.