疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨种群结构与动态研究

通过在疏勒河中下游天然胡杨林区设置7个样方6.852 4 hm²,采用相邻格子法和动态数量值,分析胡杨种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明:中下游及不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异显著。中游幼苗缺失,幼树不多,中树最多,占总数的72.15%,大树较多,老树甚少,年龄结构呈正态分布型,林分年轻、稠密、高大,每公顷胡杨总数是下游的13.45倍。下游幼苗缺失,幼树极少,中树较多,大树最多,大、老树占总数的62.54%,年龄结构呈倒金字塔型,林分偏老,稀疏、矮小。中下游均为衰退种群。胡杨种群存活曲线基本接近Deevey I型,为下降种群;且存活率幼、中树高于大、老树,中游明显高于下游。种群数量动态计算表明,幼、中树动态量值为负值,大树、老树为正值,但胡杨总体表现为衰退的结构动态关系。总之,研究区胡杨未来因幼苗缺乏而趋于衰退演替,且下游衰退演替的速度更快。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向对土壤微生物生物量和可溶性有机碳的影响

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区延河流域两个典型植被区(森林植被区、草原植被区)下相同植被不同坡向(阳坡、阴坡)的土样进行分析,研究了不同坡向土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、微生物生物量磷(SMBP)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及其相互关系.结果表明,森林植被区阳坡、阴坡0～10 cm土层SMBC分别为532.1～792.5 mg·kg-1、333.6～469.8 mg·kg-1,SMBN分别为53.66～87.31 mg·kg-1、47.58～61.38 mg·kg-1,两者均表现为阳坡高于阴坡,草原植被区SMBC分别为68.90～75.34 mg·kg-1、65.29～128.67 mg·kg-1,SMBN分别为13.94～18.61 mg·kg-1、13.00～20.10mg·kg-1,两者均表现为阴坡高于阳坡;两个植被区SMBP与SMBC、SMBN变化不一致;SMBC占SMBC与DOC之和(SMBC+DOC)的比例在森林植被区阳坡最高,达77.74%,在草原植被区按阴坡到阳坡、0～10 cm土层到10～30 cm土层的顺序依次递减.相同植被区不同坡向土壤水分、温度的差异对土壤微生物生物量产生重要影响,进而使SMBC占SMBC+DOC的比例不同,SMBC+DOC比SMBC更能反映土壤碳素有效性,森林植被区阴坡阳坡0～10 cm土层土壤微生物群落结构可能已发生明显改变.     

平朔露天煤矿排土场植被恢复树木短期死亡动态研究

以平朔露天煤矿排土场0.8 hm2刺槐+油松混交林复垦模式下固定监测样地为研究平台,以2010年和2015年两次调查数据为基础,分析了五年间样地内主要树种的短期死亡动态.结果表明:样地内所有树木总个体数由1026株减少到947株,死亡个体79株,占2010年总个体数的7.7%,刺槐和油松的平均胸径增量分别为1.44 cm和1.92 cm,样地内所有树木的胸高断面积增加2.3 m2·hm-2,中径级个体(7 cm相似文献   

20世纪后期以来四合木分布区气候变化及其影响

利用1971-2005年间的气象观测资料,系统分析了四合木分布区35a来的气候变化特点及其对四合木生境与其种群动态的影响。结果表明：35a来四合木分布区气温尤其是冬温持续上升,平均风速与大风日数逐年增加,而20世纪80年代中期以来降水逐渐减少,干燥度逐年增大,气候要素的年际与季节间波动较大,造成了四合木生境的暖冬、旱化、环境频变、生态脆弱及多灾易灾的环境效应。气候条件的不利变化,对四合木生长与繁殖有不利影响,四合木种群面积的动态监测及其与气象数据的相关分析表明,四合木种群数量的减少与相应年代的气温、大风日数、蒸发量的变化密切相关。     

北方半干旱地区草坪主要杂草生态学特征及其生长发育动态研究

环境条件的差异对草坪杂草种群的发生具有明显的动态影响:早开堇菜(Viola prionantha Bunge)大量生长在管理水平较差的草坪中;鼠掌老鹳草(Geranium sibiricum L.)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserine L.)是管理水平较好(尤其是水分条件较优越)草坪的主要杂草种群;赖草(L. sacalinus (Georgi.) Tzvel)主要在管理水平一般的草坪中生长. 4种植物种群数量季节变化趋势均为“四蜂型”曲线,鹅绒委陵菜种群与早开堇菜种群变化十分相似,而鼠掌老鹳草种群数量季节变化与其主要竞争杂草——鹅绒委陵菜明显不同. 4种植物单株各器官生物量季节变化趋势均存在显著差异.      

东北野生五味子种群特征及其与环境因子的关系

五味子(Schisandra chinensis)是著名的传统中药材,主要分布在我国东北地区. 受过度采摘和毁林开荒等不科学利用方式的影响,野生五味子资源急剧恶化. 沿长白山山脉和小兴安岭山脉调查了17个野生五味子种群,分析了种群特征、环境因子特征及二者的相关关系. 结果表明:①五味子果实质量与纬度呈极显著负相关,基径与海拔呈显著正相关,而种群密度空间分布规律不明显;五味子果实质量、基径和种群密度间不存在显著相关性. ②五味子果实千粒质量和基径平均值分别为(69.05±12.80) g和(0.61±0.13)cm,种群密度大,约50%五味子种群密度达到4级(>1.5～2.0株/m2). ③五味子野生种群采样点的土壤pH(5.34～6.98)呈酸性;w(SOC)(SOC为土壤有机碳)在4.42%～18.47%之间,差异较大;w(TN)、w(TK)和w(TP)平均值分别为0.72%±0.28%、1.74%±0.31%和0.10%±0.03%. ④年降水量在474~928mm之间;年日照时长变化幅度小,在2219.3～2703.7h之间;年均气温和年均相对湿度的平均值分别为(3.46±1.44) ℃和68.9%±2.7%. 主成分分析表明,五味子果实质量受环境因子影响显著,其中年均气温的影响最大,其次是w(TP)、w(TN)、w(SOC)和年降水量;而基径和种群密度受环境因子的影响不显著. 对野生五味子种群生长限制因子的分析结果可为该种群保护、人工栽培与调控奠定理论基础.      

藏东南色季拉山土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃的浓度分布及来源解析

2012年8月采集了藏东南色季拉山阴坡和阳坡的土壤样品,测定了其中多环芳烃和有机氯农药(包括六六六和滴滴涕)的污染含量.土壤中Σ_(16)PAHs的含量范围为99.3~1 984 ng·g~(-1),平均值为1 017 ng·g~(-1);HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为0.37~2.07 ng·g~(-1)(平均值为1.15 ng·g~(-1))和0.70~43.9 ng·g~(-1)(平均值为9.87 ng·g~(-1)),均远高于青藏高原中部及西部土壤中相应污染物的含量,PAHs甚至可高达两个数量级.阳坡α-HCH和DDTs的浓度随着海拔升高,而阴坡HCHs和DDTs的浓度随着海拔降低或无显著变化.阴坡土壤PAHs随海拔无升高或降低的变化趋势,而阳坡土壤PAHs的浓度在低海处呈现较高浓度,可能是存在局部污染源的排放.PAHs的组成以较轻组分(2和3环)为主,平均占总含量的85%以上,说明研究区域的PAHs主要来自大气远距离传输源.PAHs的特征单体比值表明生物质和化石燃料的低温燃烧是色季拉山PAHs的主要来源,同时阴坡也可能受到石油泄漏的影响.较低的α/γ-HCH比值表明,研究区域的HCHs主要是历史工业品HCHs和林丹共同输入的结果.p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT和o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT的比值显示,研究区域DDTs主要是由历史工业品DDTs和三氯杀螨醇共同贡献所致.根据研究区域污染物的浓度特征和藏东南的气象条件可知,研究区域的污染主要受印度季风的影响.     

中国兜兰属宽瓣亚属植物生存现状及保护成效

为明确兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)宽瓣亚属(Subgenus.Brachypetalum)植物各物种在我国的生存现状与濒危状况,在大量的野外调查和文献、标本数据收集的基础上,对其种群分布、数量、生境特征、市场贸易、受威胁因素、保护现状与保护成效进行统计分析,并依据《IUCN红色名录等级和标准(3.1版)》对该类群的濒危等级进行重新评估.结果表明,野外调查到硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum.micranthum)、麻栗坡兜兰(P.malipoense)、杏黄兜兰(P.armeniacum)、白花兜兰(P.emersonii)、巨瓣兜兰(P.bellatulum)、文山兜兰(P.wenshanense)、同色兜兰(P.concolor)7个目标物种,已知分布于我国50个县(市、区),共计194个自然分布点.宽瓣亚属植物在我国水平方向上主要分布于滇东南、黔西南、黔东北、滇西北、桂北与黔南交界处以及桂西北至桂西南等地区;垂直方向上集中分布于中高海拔段(780~1267m),平均海拔997m;在全国大尺度上,该亚属整体呈零散分布,区域小尺度上个体呈聚集生长;其小生境具有高海拔、透水、透气、喜阴、喜钙的特点.市场调查的贸易率为36.67%,贸易价格高低不等,具有较强的随机性;贸易来源主要为野外采挖,占贸易数量的88.32%,具有较强的地域性;贸易方式为现场和线上网络交易,具有较强的灵活性.该类群主要受到采挖和生境退化的威胁,分别占所有分布点的44.85%、29.83%.宽瓣亚属整体就地保率仅为34.53%,保护成效为一般保护;调查的29个保育地中,有20个保育地对该类群累计保育98次,除文山兜兰和绿叶兜兰外,其他7种迁地保护成效被评估为合适.巨瓣兜兰、文山兜兰由原来的濒危(EN)评估为极危(CR);麻栗坡兜兰、白花兜兰、杏黄兜兰评估等级未发生变化,仍为极危(CR);硬叶兜兰和同色兜兰由原来的易危(VU)评估为濒危(EN);德氏兜兰、绿叶兜兰被评为数据缺乏(DD).     

HPLC-ICPMS对环境样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分析研究

采用动态反应池(Dynamic Reaction Cell,DRC)消除环境样品中碳和氯对铬ICP-MS测定的干扰,实验结果表明O2比CH4能更加有效地消除基体干扰,52Cr更适宜作为铬形态分析的同位素。在优化的DRC条件下2.284μg/L、4.886μg/L和10.579μg/L 3个加标浓度下均具有理想的回收率。进一步采用Pecosphere C8分析柱(3×3),深入研究了流动相组成、pH值及流速对铬形态分离的影响,在1.0 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAH)+0.5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)+1%甲醇流动相组成,pH 6.9和流速1.2 mL/min的色谱条件下可以得到最为理想的分离效果,在10～100μg/L标准浓度范围内,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的线性相关系数均大于0.999 7,建立的方法对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的重复性。最后尝试性地对模拟填埋场和地下水环境下市政污泥在脱水、干化和热解过程中铬形态的环境迁移性进行了研究,为更加准确评价铬元素对生态环境的潜在危害提供参考依据。     

西南地区天然林资源近60年动态分析

天然林资源是衡量区域生态环境状况的重要指标之一。分析天然林资源动态对提高其管理水平和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。通过对西南地区1949年以来天然林资源数据的挖掘和比较分析,结果表明:天然林发展可以1981年为界分为前后两个阶段,前阶段天然林面积和蓄积因木材消耗分别降低了26%和33%,后阶段在生态建设工程推动下两者分别增加了58%和42%,达到2008年的25.87×106hm2和31.84×108m3,恢复到了1949年的资源总量水平;但天然林整体质量提高缓慢,平均每hm2蓄积123 m3尚处历史低位;天然林年龄结构也不均衡,幼、中龄林的面积占天然林的58%,蓄积仅占30%,成、过熟林面积占28%,蓄积却占55%;目前天然林中公益林和商品林的面积比约7∶3,蓄积量比约8∶2;商品材采伐量在天然林保护(简称天保)工程实施初期锐减了80%,但在2008年又回升到了天保工程前,且总体增长趋势未变。经过10 a天保和退耕还林工程后,目前西南地区天然林总面积增长放缓,但单位面积的蓄积还很低,故建议天然林发展策略从增加天然林面积转向保持面积和提高整体质量。保持面积的关键是划定天然林面积红线和严格控制天然林采伐,提高整体质量的重点是调整商品林年龄结构,适当提高薪炭林和特用林面积比重,加强退化天然林的生态恢复和重建。     

Reduced light avoidance in spiders from populations in light-polluted urban environments

Increased urbanisation is leading to a rise in light pollution. Light pollution can disrupt the behaviour and physiology of animals resulting in increased mortality. However, animals may also benefit from artificial light sources, as these may aggregate prey or signal suitable environments. For example, spiders are commonly seen congregating around artificial light sources. Changes in selective pressures engendered by urban environments are driving changes in urban organisms, driving better adaptation to these environments. Here, we ask whether urban populations of the synanthropic spider Steatoda triangulosa show different responses to light compared to rural populations. Egg-sacs from urban and rural populations were collected and incubated in a common garden setting, and the emerging spiderlings tested for light preference. While rural spiderlings avoided light (37% built webs in the light), urban spiderlings were indifferent to it (49% built webs in the light). Reduced light avoidance may benefit spiders through increased prey capture, increased movement into suitable habitats, or due to a release from selection pressure from visually hunting predators which do not enter buildings.     

Are linear habitats in agrarian landscapes source areas of beneficial or pest rodents?

This study tested the hypotheses that populations of the montane vole Microtus montanus (a potential pest species) and deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus (a potential beneficial species) in linear habitats will be (i) positively related to the type of vegetation (abundance and diversity of vascular plants) within and adjacent to those habitats; and (ii) correlated with population changes and productivity (reproductive performance, recruitment, and survival) in nearby apple (Malus domestica) orchards. Population dynamics of M. montanus and P. maniculatus were measured by intensive live-trapping from 2003 to 2006 in replicated hedgerows, riparian strips, and nearby orchards, in southern British Columbia, Canada. Hedgerows were borders between orchards, orchards and old fields, as well as orchards and natural forest. Contrary to hypothesis (i), M. montanus and P. maniculatus populations were not positively related to vegetation type within linear habitats and their adjacent crop and non-crop areas. Mean abundance and diversity of vegetation attributes were similar among linear habitats. Hypothesis (ii) was not supported for M. montanus populations in linear habitats since they did not correlate with population changes in nearby apple orchards, during a peak year in abundance. Populations of P. maniculatus were similar in abundance and other demographic variables among the linear habitats and apple orchards, and hence hypothesis (ii) was supported for this species.     

Linkages between fishery habitat quality,stressors, and fishery populations

Increasing human population densities and development along the coasts of the United States pose a threat to fish populations through alteration of their habitats due to modification of upland watersheds, increased inputs of nutrient and domestic and agricultural chemicals, and direct habitat replacement or destruction. Injuries to these habitats will in turn affect populations of marine and estuarine organisms. To effectively evaluate the impacts of human activities on essential fish habitat we propose a framework to assess the linkages between fishery habitat alteration and modification and fishery production and community structure in coastal environments. Inherent natural variability makes it difficult to detect changes to the population or community. Therefore, we target structural and functional components of fish habitat as assessment endpoints, rather than the fish populations that utilize those habitats.     

Run for your life,but bite for your rights? How interactions between natural and sexual selection shape functional morphology across habitats

A central issue in evolutionary biology is how morphology, performance, and habitat use coevolve. If morphological variation is tightly associated with habitat use, then differences in morphology should affect fitness through their effect on performance within specific habitats. In this study, we investigate how evolutionary forces mold morphological traits and performance differently given the surrounding environment, at the intraspecific level. For this purpose, we selected populations of the lizard Podarcis bocagei from two different habitat types, agricultural walls and dunes, which we expected to reflect saxicolous vs ground-dwelling habits. In the laboratory, we recorded morphological traits as well as performance traits by measuring sprint speed, climbing capacity, maneuverability, and bite force. Our results revealed fast-evolving ecomorphological variation among populations of P. bocagei, where a direct association existed between head morphology and bite performance. However, we could not establish links between limb morphology and locomotor performance at the individual level. Lizards from walls were better climbers than those from dunes, suggesting a very fast evolutionary response. Interestingly, a significant interaction between habitat and sex was detected in climbing performance. In addition, lizards from dunes bit harder than those from walls, although sexual differentiation was definitely the main factor driving variation in head functional morphology. Taking into account all the results, we found a complex interaction between natural and sexual selection on whole-organism performance, which are, in some cases, reflected in morphological variation.     

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物的持水和保水能力比较研究

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物5个生境的自然含水率以及2种室内环境下持水变化的实验表明,供试藓类植物在原始林下的自然含水率最高,5种生境中金发藓自然含水率最低,提灯藓自然含水率最高;藓类持水能力与保水能力呈负相关关系;持水能力随时间变化逐渐降低,在相同的环境条件下失水过程和失水速率变化趋势相似,但种间差异明显,与藓类本身对水分的适应能力、环境条件变化,以及藓类失水过程中生理生态适应与环境变化的协同进化机制相关;经过失水-饱和-再失水过程的藓类持水能力均明显降低,可能与第一次失水过程中植物细胞受到伤害后未能恢复有关。塔藓、山羽藓和金发藓的持水与保水特征暗示,它们可能是森林采伐破坏后迹地地表微环境变化的潜在指示者。     

Does hedgerow management on organic farms benefit small mammal populations?

Organic farming is a whole-farm management approach believed to encourage biodiversity by excluding the input of agrochemicals and introducing specific management regimes for non-crop habitats. We examined the impact of the hedgerow management regime encouraged for organic farms on small mammal populations, since small mammal numbers influence a range of species at higher trophic levels and, in particular, are key to the conservation of a range of mammalian and avian predators. We compared differences in management and structure of non-crop habitats at the farm-scale between organic and conventional farms, and used within-farm variations in hedgerow size to predict the effect of hedgerow size on small mammals on both farm types. There were no significant differences in the proportion of non-crop habitats between organic and conventional farms, although management differences produced larger hedgerows on organic farms and greater diversity of hedgerow growth stages. However, a difference in hedgerow size between the farm types did not have a significant effect on small mammal abundance or diversity. We conclude that increased hedgerow size is not benefiting small mammal populations on organic farms: significant gains in small mammal numbers may be more effectively achieved by increasing the area of non-crop habitats rather than by improving management regimes.     

Effects of landscape complexity on farmland birds in the Baltic States

Data on birds occurring in farmland in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were related to the spatial organisation of farmed habitats in three different agricultural landscape types. Species richness, abundance, and diversity of farmland bird communities, as well as abundance of the most frequently observed species were positively related to the number of residual non-cropped elements within farmland, the local mixture of annual crop and grass fields, and the variety of field types. The positive association of the species richness and abundance of the farmland bird community with richness in residual habitats and crops was most prominent in open landscapes. The results suggest that, by simplifying farmland structure and making it more homogenous, EU agricultural policies will have a detrimental effect on farmland bird populations in Eastern Europe. Ways of better targeting of the agri-environment schemes are suggested.     

The role of perennial habitats for Central European farmland spiders

Spiders are important predators of insect pests. Some species invariably dominate spider communities in crop fields over large parts of Europe, and are therefore considered as “agrobionts”. It is however not clear if these species generally prefer arable habitats, or to what degree they utilize other habitats during times when crops are inhospitable. Here, spider abundances in 26 crop fields and 16 perennial habitats in Germany were compared during spring. Overall spider abundance in winter wheat was 75% lower than in perennial habitats, and species richness was reduced by 46%. Out of a total of 91 species, 73 had higher densities in perennial habitats, including the most dominant crop spiders Erigone atra and Tenuiphantes tenuis. Only one species (Oedothorax apicatus) was significantly more abundant in crops than in perennial habitats. Hence, the high dominance of most “agrobiont” species in crops was due to low densities of other species, and not to their own higher abundances. Therefore, perennial habitats adjacent to crop-fields could enhance spider populations and their potential for biological control in arable fields on a landscape level.     

Identifying a breeding habitat of a critically endangered fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acheilognathus typus</Emphasis>, in a natural river in Japan

Freshwater biodiversity has been severely threatened in recent years, and to conserve endangered species, their distribution and breeding habitats need to be clarified. However, identifying breeding sites in a large area is generally difficult. Here, by combining the emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis with subsequent traditional collection surveys, we successfully identified a breeding habitat for the critically endangered freshwater fish Acheilognathus typus in the mainstream of Omono River in Akita Prefecture, Japan, which is one of the original habitats of this species. Based on DNA cytochrome B sequences of A. typus and closely related species, we developed species-specific primers and a probe that were used in real-time PCR for detecting A. typus eDNA. After verifying the specificity and applicability of the primers and probe on water samples from known artificial habitats, eDNA analysis was applied to water samples collected at 99 sites along Omono River. Two of the samples were positive for A. typus eDNA, and thus, small fixed nets and bottle traps were set out to capture adult fish and verify egg deposition in bivalves (the preferred breeding substrate for A. typus) in the corresponding regions. Mature female and male individuals and bivalves containing laid eggs were collected at one of the eDNA-positive sites. This was the first record of adult A. typus in Omono River in 11 years. This study highlights the value of eDNA analysis to guide conventional monitoring surveys and shows that combining both methods can provide important information on breeding sites that is essential for species’ conservation.     

Isotopic evidence for niche partitioning and the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on endemic and introduced rodents in central Madagascar

We applied a multi-isotope approach to examine aspects of niche partitioning, competition, and mobility for rodents in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Specifically, we used carbon (δ¹³C), nitrogen (δ¹⁵N), and strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) isotope ratios in bone to investigate diet and mobility for endemic tufted tail rats (Eliurus spp.), and introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus) within and outside a fragment of montane humid forest in the Ambohitantely Special Reserve. There was a clear spatial segregation in trapping success for different species: Eliurus was only in the forest interior and edge, Mus only outside of the fragment in a marsh and park housing complex, and Rattus in all habitats except the housing complex. We find only moderate support for mobility of rodents among habitats. Mus may routinely move between the marsh and housing complex. However, regular movement between the forest edge and interior, or between the forest fragment and surrounding grassland is not supported. Taxa appear to target different foods: Rattus tends to feed at a higher trophic level than Eliurus, and Mus consumes some C₄ resources. To date, strontium isotopes have been underutilized in ecological research. Here, we show that they are highly complementary to carbon and nitrogen isotope data. Even in localities with relatively uniform underlying geology, it may be possible to distinguish individuals that regularly forage in different habitats.