Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

渭河(西安段)柱状沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征研究

本文以渭河(西安段)沉积物柱状样为研究对象,对柱样中重金属As,Ba,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pb,Ti,Zn,Mo和Al含量与分布规律进行分析,为渭河的污染防治以及流域治理规划等提供科学依据.     

固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中α-六六六,β-六六六,γ-六六六,δ-六六六,硫丹,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,三氯杀螨醇,甲氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯等16种农药残留量的方法.16种农药的残留组分在25min内能很好分离.标准加入回收率在81.2%-111.9%之间;方法变异系数2.9%-14.9%(0.01-0.1μg·ml-1,n= 6),检出下限在0.08-0.44μg·kg-1之间.     

城市污染河流水质原位综合净化技术

针对我国城市河流水质污染普遍严重,河道截污不彻底的现状,开发了污染水体就地综合净化方法,利用水闸形成一定深度的水体,在其中安装曝气机、生物膜并投加特效菌种。为了考查其处理效果,在福田河进行了现场试验,试验段长420 m,河底宽7~15 m,平均水深1.85 m,总容积为8 500 m3。试验运行3个月,进水平均CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS分别为88.4 mg/L,62.0 mg/L,6.4 mg/L,8.2 mg/L,0.8 mg/L和17.0 mg/L,出水分别为28.9 mg/L,7.6 mg/L,4.2 mg/L,5.9mg/L,0.4 mg/L和10.0 mg/L,CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS的去除率分别为67.4%,87.7%,34.3%,30.3%,53.3%和39.7%,河道中溶解氧及透明度分别由原水的0.9 mg/L和12.5 cm提高至7.6 mg/L和137.5 cm。     

用ASE提取和GPC净化气相色谱法快速测定土壤中痕量有机氯代化合物

本研究介绍了土壤中20种不同持久性有机污染物的分析方法, 包括6种多氯联苯(PCB15, PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB138)和14种有机氯农药(α-666, β-666, γ-666, δ-666, P,P'-DDE, P,P'-DDD, O,P'-DDT, P,P'-DDT, Heptachlor, Aldrin, trans-Chlordane, cis-Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin). 土样通过加速溶剂提取, 经装有Biobeads S-X3柱填料的自动凝胶渗透色谱和氟罗里硅土及石墨碳黑填料的固相萃取柱净化, 最后用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱分析测定. 实验结果表明该法获得很好的回收率70.7%～98.0%, 相对标准偏差为2.19%～10.8%, 检出限为0.33 ng·g-1～0.94 ng·g-1. 与传统的提取方法相比, 加速溶剂提取具有操作简便,省时省溶剂, 减少有机溶剂对环境污染的特点. 优化后的方法可测定多种土壤样品中有机氯代化合物, 并且能够在日常分析中得到应用.     

长江水系沉积物中重金属的赋存形态

分析了长江干流和主要支流的沉积物样品中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg)的含量和赋存形态.结果表明:除Zn外,长江流域水系沉积物中重金属的污染程度总体呈上升趋势,其中,Cd的污染较为严重,Cd主要以可交换态的形式存在,长江水系沉积物中Zn,Pb以及Cu具有相似的同源性,而Cd,As,Hg以及Cr则另为一类.     

姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

中国西北地区生态环境的现状及保护对策

近四十年来,由于种种原因,我国西北原本十分脆弱的生态环境愈加恶化,主要表现存:水土流失严重;绿色植被边培植、边破坏;草原退化,土地沙化;气候干旱,水资源短缺并遭受污染;大批珍稀动值物种群濒临灭绝。对此现状,我们认为,只有加强领导,强化生态意识,克服短期行为,大力植树种草,增加绿色覆盖,保护和合理利用水资源,才能改善大西北的生态环境。     

湖北省朱湖农场水体生态农业初探

本文根据试点实情,运用农业生态工程,对系统内部结构进行合理调整,不断调控生态平衡,组建成以种植为基础,养殖为中心,沼气为纽带的良性循环系统,促使水体生态农业生产的协调发展,实现无污染环境,合理利用资源,获取持续最佳的生产力和生态经济效益。     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

硫酸亚铈催化下二苯甲烷的合成

介绍苯和苯甲醇在环境友好型催化剂硫酸亚铈的催化下合成二苯甲烷,研究了催化剂用量、反应时间对该傅克反应的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的催化活性,实验过程简单,无腐蚀,无废水污染.表1,参4.     

树脂负载α-FeOOH异相光Fenton降解水中己烷雌酚

以Amberlite200树脂为载体,在Fe(NO3)3-HNO3体系中恒温水解制备了负载型催化剂α-FeOOH/Resin,以己烷雌酚(HEX)为目标化合物,研究了α-FeOOH/Resin的异相Fenton催化性能.结果表明,α-FeOOH/Resin异相Fenton反应能够有效降解水中的HEX,紫外光和H2O2的协同作用很大程度地提高了降解效率;pH值的降低或初始H2O2浓度的提高,均能增加HEX的降解速率;在中性条件下,HEX的光Fenton降解过程中,溶出的铁元素对降解贡献不大,异相Fenton反应起主导作用;催化剂重复使用后仍具有较好的催化活性和机械强度,说明铁在其表面负载牢固,催化剂具有一定的实用性.     

高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液

采用高铁酸钾氧化降解硝基苯水溶液,研究表明,反应时间、pH值、高铁酸钾投加量、硝基苯水溶液浓度4个因素都会对硝基苯的降解效果产生影响.硝基苯水溶液浓度为55mg·l~(-1)时,初始pH=7-9,高铁酸钾投加量n_(k_2FeO_4):n_(C_6H_5NO_2)10:1,反应时间30min为最优反应条件,硝基苯去除率达到85%左右,COD_(Cr)去除率达到55%左右.通过对反应产物的分析,推测硝基苯首先被高铁酸钾氧化为对硝基苯酚,再进一步被氧化开环生成终产物.     

几种环境激素酞酸酯的光催化降解研究

在紫外光照射下,以TiO2为催化剂,研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)水溶液的光催化降解规律,不同结构特征的酞酸酯在降解过程中pH值均表现为先升高,再降低的趋势.降解为表观一级反应.采用色质联用技术(GC-MS)分别对上述物质降解过程中生成的中间体进行分析,提出了可能的降解机理.     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Brønsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Brønsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系对2-氯乙基乙基硫醚的降解机理与动力学研究

研究了不同温度下过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系和单一过碳酸钠对芥子气模拟剂2-氯乙基乙基硫醚（2-CEES）降解动力学规律,建立了相应的反应速率方程;利用液质联用技术分析了降解产物,并利用顺磁共振技术检测了过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系产生的活性成分,推测了反应机理.结果表明,两种体系对2-CEES降解反应均为一级反应,过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体...     

Concentration of nitrite in respirable particulate matter of ambient air in Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Water extract of respirable particulate matter (RPM) was analyzed by Ion chromatography technique to investigate the presence of nitrite (NO2) as secondary aerosol in ambient environment. The nitrite particulates undergo photo hydroxyl radical reaction in environment produce nitrous acid, which reacts with metal and absorbs on RPM as water-soluble metal salt. The mean concentration of nitrite was 20.86 microg m(-3) in ambient environment. Regression analysis showed that the relationship for respirable particulate matter and nitrite (RPM-NO2, R2 = 0.742) was positively significant. We are reporting the presence of nitrite as an aerosol in ambient environment.     

Fenton process for degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons exemplified by trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene and chloroform

The degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) exemplified by trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), and chloroform (CF) was investigated with Fenton oxidation process. The results indicate that the degradation rate was primarily affected by the chemical structures of organic contaminants. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) preferred to attack the organic contaminants with an electron-rich structure such as chlorinated alkenes (i.e., TCE and DCE). The dosing mode of Fenton’s reagent, particularly of Fe²⁺, significantly affected the degradation efficiency of studied organic compound. A new “time-squared” kinetic model, C = C _o exp(?k _obs t ²), was developed to express the degradation kinetics of selected CAHs. This model was applicable to TCE and DCE, but inapplicable to CF due to their varied reaction rate constants towards ?OH. Chloride release was monitored to examine the degree of dechlorination during the oxidation of selected CAHs. TCE was more easily dechlorinated thanDCE and CF.Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was identified as the major reaction intermediate in the oxidation of TCE, which could be completely removed as the reaction proceeded. No reaction intermediates or byproducts were identified in the oxidation of DCE and CF. Based on the identified intermediate, the reaction mechanism of TCE with Fenton’s reagent was proposed.     

MoO3/TiO2催化剂对NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究

通过共混法制备MoO3／TiO2催化剂,还原脱除NOx的研究．对于100目的催化剂,并在固定床反应器中进行了NH3选择性催化在较低温度下(≤583K),升高温度和降低空速,NOx脱除率提高;在反应温度较高时,NH3氧化的副反应的影响加强,此时过度延长反应时间和提高反应温度反而会使NOx脱除率降低．在583K和空速为12kh“时,NOx转化率可达92％．FT-IR光谱和XRD分析结果表明,MoO3形成分散相,均匀分布在TiO2颗粒表面并形成稳定的Mo=0基,它的加入没有影响TiO2(锐态矿型)的结构和形貌．