废水除磷技术的研究与发展

目前，人们越来越重视污水除磷技术。本文介绍与评述了化学和生物两种除磷方式及其除磷机理和工艺，并着重介绍了生物除磷的现状、发展和研究动向。     

污水生物除磷研究进展

水体富营养化是世界性难题,其中磷通常是主要限制因子.生物除磷工艺简单,污泥产量少,可节约能源,运行费用也较低,便于操作和磷的回收.在介绍水体中磷的来源、污染特点及其造成危害的基础上,着重综述了国内外生物除磷的研究进展,并对生物除磷存在的问题和发展趋势提出了一些看法.     

生物脱氮除磷工艺的现状与发展

为遏制水体的富营养化,氮、磷的排放标准日趋严格,生物脱氮除磷工艺能有效地去除水体中的氮、磷.文中介绍了生物脱氮除磷的传统工艺和新发展的工艺,并认为今后应对生物脱氮除磷机理加以深人的研究,并对今后的发展趋势作了展望.     

美国污水处理厂深度除磷技术分析

污水处理厂控磷是防治湖泊等封闭性水域富营养化最有效的对策之一。但国内污水处理厂传统的除磷技术不足以改善水质,控制水体富营养化。综述了美国环境保护署推荐的深度除磷技术,介绍了美国污水处理厂深度除磷技术的工程案例。结果表明,美国深度除磷技术主要分为3大类:生物除磷+化学除磷+沉淀过滤、生物除磷+化学除磷+两级过滤、生物除磷+化学除磷+膜分离。通过对美国深度除磷技术的综述和分析,为中国污水处理厂除磷技术改进及已建设施的提升改造提供了重要参考依据和借鉴意义。     

污水生物除磷技术的现状与研究进展

阐述了生物除磷原理和各种生物除磷技术的研究与应用现状,对传统工艺如A/O工艺、A2/O工艺、Bardenpho工艺、UCT工艺、Orbal氧化沟、改良型UCT工艺、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺、VIP除磷工艺等进行了简单的原理介绍和细致的应用描述,并作出了分析与评价。最后,提出单级活性污泥法除磷系统的优化与加强对生物除磷机制的研究是生物除磷技术的主要发展方向。     

新型高效反硝化除磷工艺

针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中存在的问题,简述了反硝化除磷工艺所具有的优点及其代谢途径．提出了两种典型的反硝化除磷工艺,并介绍了反硝化除磷技术的影响因素和测定方法。反硝化除磷技术的应用可解决传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中硝化菌污泥龄与聚磷菌污泥龄的差别以及反硝化菌与聚磷菌之间有机物之争的难题。     

污水反硝化除磷技术研究进展

应用反硝化除磷技术,可解决传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中硝化菌与聚磷菌之间污泥龄的矛盾,以及反硝化与释磷之间的有机物之争的难题,是目前除磷技术的研究热点之一。针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中存在的碳源不足、耗能大等问题,介绍了几种典型的反硝化除磷工艺,并分析了反硝化除磷技术的影响因素。     

浅论生物除磷脱氮的机理及工艺

对污水生物法除磷脱氮的机理作了简要分析，并介绍了几种高效、经济、实用的生物除磷脱氮工艺。     

3池交替运行活性污泥法生物除磷脱氮的探讨

介绍了 3池交替运行活性污泥法进行生物除磷脱氮的运行模式 ,从理论上探讨了溶解氧、污泥龄等运行参数的确定与控制及碳源、硝酸盐对工艺生物除磷脱氮的影响。     

城市污水生物脱磷除氮工艺的新进展

阐述了生物除磷和反硝化脱氮的机理，由此引出脱氮除磷在基质竞争和泥龄方面的矛盾，提出了解决该矛盾的两种可行方案：针对方案，着重介绍了目前脱氮除磷工艺的新进展。     

The removal of phosphorus during wastewater treatment: a review

Phosphorus removal from wastewater can be achieved either through chemical removal, advanced biological treatment or a combination of both. The chemical removal of phosphorus involves the addition of calcium, iron and aluminium salts to achieve phosphorus precipitation by various mechanisms which are discussed. In addition, the effects of operating conditions, especially wastewater characteristics; sludge production in terms of quality and quantity; optimisation of chemical use and re-use; points of chemical addition combined with biological treatment; alternative chemical/physical treatments and examples of full-scale applications are also reviewed. Biological phosphorus removal is dependent upon the uptake of phosphorus in excess of normal bacterial metabolic requirements and is proposed as an alternative to chemical treatment. Early developments and the postulated removal mechanisms are reviewed; these include either natural chemical precipitation, enhanced biological removal, or a combination of both. The nature of excess biological phosphorus removal in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants is evaluated, considering various operating parameters, bacteriology and process designs.     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷效能的研究

采用厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,反硝化聚磷菌完全可以在厌氧 缺氧交替运行条件下得到富集。稳定运行的厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器的反硝化除磷效率 >90 % ,出水磷浓度 <1mg L。进水COD浓度对反硝化除磷的效率影响很大 ,在COD浓度 <180mg L时 ,进水COD浓度越高 ,除磷效率也就越高。较高浓度的进水COD浓度将导致有剩余的COD进入缺氧段 ,对反硝化吸磷构成不利影响。污泥龄为 16d时 ,厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器取得稳定和理想的反硝化除磷效果。污泥龄减少到 8d ,由于反硝化聚磷菌的流失导致反硝化除磷效率的下降。当污泥龄恢复到 16d时 ,经过一段时间的运行 ,反硝化聚磷菌重新得到富集 ,除磷效率恢复到 90 %以上。     

生物脱氮除磷工艺中的微生物及其相互关系

本文着重对近年来脱氮除磷微生物学方面的研究进展进行了综述 ,分析了生物脱氮除磷反应器中各类功能微生物间的相互作用关系 ,营养物代谢机理和对处理效率的贡献 ,讨论了脱氮除磷生物学应深入研究的一些问题。     

CAS-BT复合反应器同步脱氮除磷试验研究

在CAST反应器中引入自制悬浮填料,构成了CAS-BT复合反应器,采用人工配制废水,对其同步脱氮除磷效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,当TN为178.05 mg/L、TP为28.32 mg/L时,CAS-BT工艺取得了很好的同步脱氮除磷效果,TN和TP的去除率分别达到97.55%和98.10%.进行同步脱氮除磷时,CAS-BT比其他的水处理工艺更具优势.     

污水生物除磷若干影响因素分析

在系统阐述污水生物除磷机理的基础上,深入分析了微生物群体平衡、城市污水水质、环境因子以及工艺运行参数和运行方式等方面对生物除磷效果的影响.分析结果表明:生物除磷系统的溶解氧浓度不宜太高,一般好氧区DO＜2 mg/L,厌氧区DO＜0.2 mg/L;厌氧段存在硝酸盐对生物释磷有负面影响,缺氧段存在一定浓度的硝酸盐有利于生物聚磷;碳源必须充分、易降解;TKN/COD＜0.1的城市污水有利于生物除磷;pH偏碱性可提高生物除磷效率;低温对生物除磷效果影响不明显.     

双泥膜法SBR脱氮除磷效果研究

通过实验室小试，以人工模拟生活污水为研究对象，考察了基于反硝化除磷理论开发的双泥膜法SBR工艺的脱氮除磷效果。长期试验结果表明：双泥膜法SBR工艺能使硝化菌和除磷菌各自在最佳的环境中生长，解决了传统工艺中脱氮和除磷的矛盾，节省了碳源和能源，并取得了稳定高效的脱氮除磷效果。在进水C∶N∶P为25∶5∶1，换液比为75%的情况下，系统对COD，TP和NH⁺₄-N的平均去除率分别为89.13%、96.12%和86.78%。     

剩余污泥水解酸化液磷去除的影响因素研究

城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化后可产生高浓度挥发性有机酸(VFAs),其中的乙酸和丙酸是增强生物除磷(EBPR)工艺的有利基质.但水解酸化液中含有大量的磷,如不进行处理就作为碳源回用到污水处理工艺中,势必增加除磷负荷.利用鸟粪石沉淀法可以去除污水中的磷.对城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化液形成鸟粪石的影响因素进行了试验研究.结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,正磷和总磷的去除率分别可达92.5%和83.8%.     

Temperature influence on biological phosphorus removal induced by aerobic/extended-idle regime

Previous researches have demonstrated that biological phosphorus removal (BPR) from wastewater could be driven by the aerobic/extended-idle (A/EI) regime. This study further investigated temperature effects on phosphorus removal performance in six A/EI sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) operated at temperatures ranging from 5 to 30 °C. The results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency increased with temperature increasing from 5 to 20 °C but slightly decreased when temperature continually increased to 30 °C. The highest phosphorus removal rate of 97.1 % was obtained at 20 °C. The biomass cultured at 20 °C contained more polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) and less glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) than that cultured at any other temperatures investigated. The mechanism studies revealed that temperature affected the transformations of glycogen and polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase activities. In addition, phosphorus removal performances of the A/EI and traditional anaerobic/oxic (A/O) SBRs were compared at 5 and 20 °C, respectively. The results showed the A/EI regime drove better phosphorus removal than the A/O regime at both 5 and 20 °C, and more PAO and less GAO abundances in the biomass might be the principal reason for the higher BPR in the A/EI SBRs as compared with the A/O SBRs.     

Toward a high-rate enhanced biological phosphorus removal process in a membrane-assisted bioreactor.

A membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (MEBPR) process was studied to determine the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solids retention time (SRT) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. The MEBPR process was capable of delivering complete nitrification independent of the prevailing operating conditions, whereas a significant improvement in COD removal efficiency was observed at longer SRTs. In the absence of carbon-limiting conditions, the MEBPR process was able to achieve low phosphorus concentrations in the effluent at increasingly higher hydraulic loads, with the lowest HRT being 5 hours. The MEBPR process was also able to maintain optimal phosphorus removal when the SRT was increased from 12 to 20 days. However, at higher suspended solids concentrations, a substantial increase was observed in carbon utilization per unit mass of phosphorus removed from the influent. These results offer critical insights to the application of membrane technology for biological nutrient removal systems.     

SBR脱氮系统污泥对磷的去除研究

为了研究缺氧(75 min)-好氧(294 min)交替运行的SBR系统中除磷的原因,采用静态实验,对比了不同碳源、水质及运行环境下对磷的去除情况。实验结果表明,该SBR脱氮系统中的好氧段磷的减少是生物去除的结果。当供给碳源为丙酸-乙酸混合物(摩尔比为2∶1)、葡萄糖、淀粉或蛋白胨时,污泥都可将磷去除,去除效率依次降低;COD/NO3--N为8.77∶1(400 mg/L∶45.6 mg/L)时除磷效果明显好于5.41∶1(400 mg/L∶73.9 mg/L)和3.57∶1(400 mg/L∶112 mg/L);进水磷浓度为8 mg/L时,COD由50 mg/L增加到400 mg/L,污泥对磷的去除效果基本一样;完全的缺氧或完全的好氧环境下,污泥对磷的去除能力逐渐丧失。