改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的H2S

研究了以Cu2 离子活性溶液制备改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中H2S的相关问题,考察了改性活性炭制备过程中的浸渍液浓度、干燥温度和焙烧温度的影响,以及温度和氧含量对吸附的影响;并对空白活性炭、改性活性炭吸附前后做SEM表征.研究结果表明,浸渍液浓度0.05 mol/L、干燥温度120℃、焙烧温度250℃为改性活性炭制备的最佳条件;吸附反应阶段较适宜的温度为95℃,氧含量为1%;结合扫描电镜初步表明,改性后的活性炭S容量增加,吸附效果明显.     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的PH3

通过钢瓶配气模拟和气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法，研究了改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中PH₃的相关问题。得到了吸附反应的最佳吸附温度、氧含量、气体流量、改性液浓度、活性炭粒径和焙烧温度。再生方法可行，可通过再生液回收磷酸。热重差热分析和孔径分布初步证明吸附质为磷和磷氧化物。     

CuCoOx/TiO2催化氧化NO性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuCoOx/TiO₂催化剂，考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、氧含量、NO浓度和空间速度对催化剂催化氧化NO性能的影响，并考察了催化剂的抗硫抗水性能。XRD、TPR和BET分析表明，350℃焙烧的催化剂具有CuCo₂O₄尖晶石结构，比表面积大，对NO的氧化效果好。在空速为5 000 h^-1，NO进口浓度500 mg/m³，含氧量10%的条件下，反应温度300℃时NO转化率可达79.5%，250℃时NO转化率接近50%。该催化剂具有良好的单独抗SO₂、抗H₂O毒化性能，H₂O和SO₂同时存在时很快失活。该催化剂可用于不同时含H₂O和SO₂的含NO气体催化氧化后再吸收处理。     

长柄扁桃核壳活性炭的制备及表征

以长柄扁桃核壳为原料采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭，分别研究了温度、时间、浸渍比和磷酸浓度对活性炭吸附性能的影响；进而采用氮气吸附曲线和SEM对最佳工艺条件下的活性炭进行了表征。结果表明，长柄扁桃核壳是一种优质的活性炭原料；当温度为400℃，活化时间2 h，浸渍比2：1，磷酸浓度60%时，得到产率为46.46%，碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为1 073 mg/g、255 mg/g，比表面积高达1 740 m²/g，中孔率为73.12%的孔隙发达的高中孔率活性炭。     

剩余污泥制备活性炭及其应用研究

以城市污水处理厂二沉池排出的剩余污泥为原料，采用不同活化方法制备活性炭，同时对比活化效果，研究了制备工艺条件对污泥活性炭吸附性能及产率的影响。结合比表面积、孔径分布和扫描电镜表征分析，对制备的污泥活性炭的性能进行评价，并探讨了污泥活性炭作为水处理吸附剂的去除效果。结果表明，以ZnCl₂为活化剂制备的活性炭性能较好，其最佳制备条件为：活化温度550℃，活化时间45 min，ZnCl₂浓度40％，固液比1∶2。制得的污泥活性炭的碘吸附值为496 mg/g，产率为51.8％，比表面积为301.4 m²/g,孔体积为0.37 mL/g，微孔体积为0.08 mL/g，平均孔径为5.78 nm。将该产品用于处理城市污水，投加量为0.8％，吸附平衡时间约为60 min时，对COD的去除率为81％，吸附容量为42.53 mg/g。     

污泥基活性炭吸附Cu2+的应用研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料，以ZnCl₂为活化剂制取污泥基活性炭。以此污泥基活性炭为吸附剂，对含Cu²⁺的废水进行了吸附实验研究。考察了溶液pH值、Cu²⁺的起始浓度对Cu²⁺离子吸附量的影响；利用等温吸附实验作出吸附等温线，并考察了污泥基活性炭吸附剂吸附Cu²⁺的动力学方程。实验结果表明，污泥基活性炭对Cu²⁺具有良好的吸附性能。吸附的最佳pH值为5；吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程，吸附为优惠吸附，吸附量随着吸附质溶液浓度的增加而增大；吸附平衡时间为4 h，吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

金属改性碳脱除PH3和H2S动力学及反应机理研究

为综合利用黄磷尾气中的CO，通过计算平均活化能和测定XPS、TG/DTA和氮吸附特性的方法，研究了Cu²⁺和某金属离子Mn⁺改性碳脱除PH₃和H₂S的动力学和反应机理问题。结果表明：H₂S在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为134.4 J/mol为-0.76级反应，PH₃在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为1 247.6 J/mol为-0.8级反应；减小改性碳粒径增加流量可以显著提高其脱除PH₃和H₂S的速率；XPS、TG/DTA和孔径分布分析证明，改性碳净化H₂S和PH₃是一个催化吸附过程，H₂S和PH₃首先与氧在改性碳表面进行催化氧化反应，然后生成S和P₂O₅沉积吸附在改性碳表面。     

纳米TiO2-Ag改性VACF处理氨气研究

利用浸渍法将纳米TiO₂-Ag负载于粘胶基活性炭纤维上进行改性来处理低浓度氨气，扫描电镜观测和能量色散谱分析表明纳米TiO₂和Ag均较成功地负载于VACF表面上，改性VACF对氨气脱除性能良好，最大脱除率为93.3%；当Ag⁺掺杂量为TiO₂含量的0.5wt％时氨气脱除率达到最大值；存在最佳相对湿度为55%；在氨气浓度为13～65 mg/m3范围内，浓度越低，脱除效果越好；处理较高浓度氨气可通过增加改性VACF用量；随着反应连续进行，改性VACF稳定性受到影响，但仍具有脱除氨气能力。     

锰掺杂WO3-TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

溶胶-凝胶和浸渍相结合的方法制备锰掺杂WO₃-TiO₂复合光催化剂，RXD表征，考察WO₃和Mn²⁺掺入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间及催化剂用量对光催化降解甲基橙的影响。结果表明，500℃焙烧2h，掺杂量n_{（Mn²⁺）}∶n_（WO3）∶n_（TiO2）＝0.8∶1∶100时，光催化活性最高，光催化降解甲基橙溶液，120min后，降解率达90%, 比单纯 TiO₂的光催化活性提高81%。     

铈改性Al2O3担载Pd催化剂的CO氧化性能研究

浸渍法制备了Al₂O₃+CeO₂为载体的Pd催化剂，对制备中各因素对催化剂效果的影响作了初步研究。考察了活性组分含量与催化剂性能的关系以及焙烧温度、水蒸气对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明，稀土Ce元素的存在使催化剂的性能得到明显改善。制备过程中焙烧步骤对催化剂的活性影响很大，催化剂制备必须高于600℃焙烧。     

钛基IrO2-SnO2电极在烟气海水脱硫恢复系统中的应用

采用浸渍-热分解法制备了含IrOx-TiO2中间层的IrO2-SnO2电极,得到的电极具有较高的析氯电催化活性和较强的稳定性,并通过电化学氧化法对Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液进行处理,考察了电流密度、温度、pH值和电解时间等电解工艺参数对Na2SO3去除率和化学需氧量COD的影响.结果表明,在电流密度为200 mA/cm...     

微波辅助双氧水氧化降解水中磺胺二甲嘧啶

采用微波辐照技术辅助双氧水氧化降解水中磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）,研究了微波辅助双氧水氧化降解水中SM2的影响因素。结果表明,单纯使用微波辐照并不能显著降解SM2,而微波辐照可显著促进双氧水对SM2的氧化作用,提高SM2的降解率。在初始浓度为50 mg/L,微波功率为900 W,加入0.25 mL质量分数为30%的双氧水,pH值为4的条件下辐照6 min,SM2的降解率可达96.5%,COD去除率为72%。     

各类VOCs在蜂窝陶瓷型La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)MnO_3催化剂上的催化燃烧性能

以涂有CeO2-ZrO2固溶体的堇青石蜂窝状陶瓷为载体,用浸渍法制备堇青石蜂窝陶瓷型整体La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂,测试了该催化剂催化燃烧各类VOCs的特性。研究表明,VOCs催化燃烧的难易程度为:含氯烃烷烃酸芳烃酮酯醇醛。La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂对含氧有机化合物具有较好的催化活性,完全燃烧温度均在280℃之内。通过关联VOCs的理化性质,发现VOCs在La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂上的反应活性与VOCs分子中最弱C—H键键能和VOCs分子极性密切联系。     

纳米TiO2-xNx催化剂的制备及其活性研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物、无水乙醇作溶剂、二乙醇胺作为抑制剂,采用溶胶凝胶法制备TiO₂溶胶，在NN₃气流中直接进行热处理，制备一系列不同焙烧温度的淡黄色的掺氮纳米TiO₂粉体。经XRD、UV-Vis和FTIR分析表明，实验制得的TiO_2-xN_x在350、400、450、500和550℃热处理3 h后仍为锐钛型；450℃保温3 h掺氮样品具有最佳的紫外-可见光响应，其吸收边红移至720 nm左右。罗丹明B的可见光降解实验及产物分析表明，掺氮样品具有良好的可见光催化活性。     

O_3/H_2O_2工艺降解1,2,4-三氯苯的优化设计

考察用不同的氧化剂降解1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB),3种不同方法对TCB的去除效果存在较大差别,其处理效果依次为:H2O2O3O3/H2O2。采用响应面法优化O3/H2O2工艺降解TCB的条件。结果表明,TCB初始浓度和H2O2投加量对TCB去除效果影响较大。TCB的降解符合准一级反应动力学规律,最佳降解条件为TCB初始浓度0.3 mg/L,pH=8.13,H2O2投加量0.40 mmol/L,O3转化率75%。在此条件下,TCB的平均去除率为91.5%,与预测值93.1%吻合度较高。     

超声波协同H_2O_2处理养殖场污水

为了有效地改善养猪场污水的质量,以H2O2为药剂,对污水进行了水浴加热和超声波辅助的对比实验,考察了超声波发生器输出端电流强度、处理时间、H2O2用量对污水的COD、氨气及颜色的影响,并进行正交实验优化。结果表明,超声波协同H2O2处理养殖污水是一种切实可行的方法,超声波协同H2O2处理污水的最佳工艺条件:电流0.7 A、处理时间2 min、H2O2用量3%,在此条件下降低COD量可达95%以上,氨氮的含量可降至14~15 mg/L,氨臭味大大得到了改善,并将原污水由黑色变为浅黄色。     

Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes

Biochar has been recently proposed as a management strategy to improve crop productivity and global warming mitigation. However, the effect of such approach on soil greenhouse gas fluxes is highly uncertain and few data from field experiments are available. In a field trial, cultivated with wheat, biochar was added to the soil (3 or 6 kg m⁻²) in two growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) so to monitor the effect of treatments on microbial parameters 3 months and 14 months after char addition. N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes were measured in the field during the first year after char addition. Biochar incorporation into the soil increased soil pH (from 5.2 to 6.7) and the rates of net N mineralization, soil microbial respiration and denitrification activity in the first 3 months, but after 14 months treated and control plots did not differ significantly. No changes in total microbial biomass and net nitrification rate were observed. In char treated plots, soil N₂O fluxes were from 26% to 79% lower than N₂O fluxes in control plots, excluding four sampling dates after the last fertilization with urea, when N₂O emissions were higher in char treated plots. However, due to the high spatial variability, the observed differences were rarely significant. No significant differences of CH₄ fluxes and field soil respiration were observed among different treatments, with just few exceptions. Overall the char treatments showed a minimal impact on microbial parameters and GHG fluxes over the first 14 months after biochar incorporation.     

H4SiW12O40/TiO2/beads光催化降解亚甲基蓝的研究

以钛酸四丁酯为原料，空心微珠为载体，采用溶胶凝胶法制备TiO₂/beads光催化剂载体，然后浸渍法制备出H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂/beads表面负载修饰型复合光催化剂，并运用SEM、XRD、FT-IR和DRS对催化剂进行表征和分析。研究了H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂/beads对亚甲基蓝降解的光催化活性，考察了光强度、pH值、曝气量、底物浓度和催化剂用量等对催化效率的影响。实验结果表明，在中性条件下，H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂/beads催化剂的投加量为0.25 g/L，浓度为7.5 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液在250 W的紫外灯和600 W的可见光灯下光照60 min降解率分别可达到94.5%和55%。     

Junge relationships in measurement data for cyclic siloxanes in air

In 1974, Junge postulated a relationship between variability of concentrations of gases in air at remote locations and their atmospheric residence time, and this Junge relationship has subsequently been observed empirically for a range of trace gases. Here, we analyze two previously-published datasets of concentrations of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) in air and find Junge relationships in both. The first dataset is a time series of concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅) measured between January and June, 2009 at a rural site in southern Sweden that shows a Junge relationship in the temporal variability of the measurements. The second dataset consists of measurements of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D₃), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄) and D₅ made simultaneously at 12 sites in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network that shows a Junge relationship in the spatial variability of the three cVMS congeners. We use the Junge relationship for the GAPS dataset to estimate atmospheric lifetimes of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D₆), 8:2–fluorotelomer alcohol and trichlorinated biphenyls that are within a factor of 3 of estimates based on degradation rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radical determined in laboratory studies.     

Synthesis of iron composites on nano-pore substrates: Identification and its application to removal of cyanide

Two types of nano-pore substrates, waste-reclaimed (WR) and soil mineral (SM) with the relatively low density, were modified by the reaction with irons (i.e. Fe(II):Fe(III) = 1:2) and the applicability of the modified substrates (i.e. Fe-WR and Fe-SM) on cyanide removal was investigated. Modification (i.e. Fe immobilization on substrate) decreased the BET surface area and PZC of the original substrates while it increased the pore diameter and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of them. XRD analysis identified that maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and iron silicate composite ((Mg, Fe)SiO₃) existed on Fe-WR, while clinoferrosilite (FeSiO₃) was identified on Fe-SM. Cyanide adsorption showed that WR adsorbed cyanide more favorably than SM. The adsorption ability of both original substrates was enhanced by the modification, which increased the negative charges of the surfaces. Without the pH adjustment, cyanide was removed as much as 97% by the only application of Fe-WR, but the undesirable transfer to hydrogen cyanide was possible because the pH was dropped to around 7.5. With a constant pH of 12, only 54% of cyanide was adsorbed on Fe-WR. On the other hand, the pH was kept as 12 without adjustment in Fe-WR/H₂O₂ system and cyanide was effectively removed by not only adsorption but also the catalytic oxidation. The observed first-order rate constant (k_obs) for cyanide removal were 0.49 (±0.081) h⁻¹. Moreover, the more cyanate production with the modified substrates indicated the iron composites, especially maghemite, on substrates had the catalytic property to increase the reactivity of H₂O₂.