3种不同工艺中莠灭净的去除特性及自由基鉴定

以三嗪类除草剂莠灭净(AMT)为目标污染物,对比研究了紫外(UV)、紫外激活过硫酸盐(UV/PS)与紫外激活过一氧硫酸氢盐(UV/PMS)3种不同工艺对AMT的去除效果以及反应动力学模型。考察了底物初始浓度、氧化剂浓度、溶液初始pH和水中腐殖酸浓度对AMT降解的影响,并对反应中生成的主要自由基进行鉴定。结果表明,3种系统下AMT降解均符合拟一级反应动力学模型(R~2≥0.93)。AMT在3种不同系统下降解效率基本遵循UV/PSUV/PMSUV规律。随着底物初始浓度的增加,AMT降解率减小,拟一级速率常数kobs减小;增加氧化剂的投加量可以促进AMT降解;溶液pH的改变对UV系统下AMT的降解影响较小,而在UV/PS系统下,随着pH的增大降解率逐渐减小,在UV/PMS系统中降解率则呈现先减小后增大的趋势;投加腐殖酸会抑制AMT的降解;pH为7时,UV/PS和UV/PMS系统中反应生成的自由基主要是·SO_4~-。     

基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化对头孢氨苄的降解特性

采用高级氧化(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)技术去除水体中的头孢类抗生素。选取头孢类抗生素中的典型物质头孢氨苄(CFX)为研究对象,探讨了其在UV/过硫酸盐(UV/PS)体系中的降解特性。结果表明,pH=7.0时,UV/PS体系中SO_4~-·和·OH均对CFX有降解作用,且其与CFX反应的二阶速率常数分别为(9.8±0.4)×10~9L·(mol·s)~(-1)、(1.05±0.7)×10~(10)L·(mol·s)~(-1)。PS投加量的增加可加速CFX的降解和矿化,且酸性条件可促进CFX降解。水体基质Cl~-的存在对CFX的降解起到了低浓度抑制高浓度促进的作用,HCO_3~-和自然有机质(NOM)的存在对CFX的降解稍有抑制。在实际水样中的应用研究表明,UV/PS体系可以有效降解和矿化实际地表水样(SW)和实际废水样(WW)中的CFX,具有较好的应用前景。     

紫外活化过硫酸钠降解水中三唑酮的效能

针对常规水处理工艺难以去除原水中低浓度有机氯农药的问题,采用新型高级氧化技术——紫外(UV)活化过硫酸钠(PS)去除水中有机氯农药三唑酮(triadimefon,TDF),分别研究了TDF初始浓度、PS浓度、初始pH、氯离子浓度以及腐殖酸(HA)浓度对TDF降解效果的影响。结果表明:随着TDF浓度的增加,其去除率逐渐降低;PS浓度从100μmol·L~(-1)增到250μmol·L~(-1),TDF去除率可以提高6.83%;初始pH为5时,TDF的去除率最大;氯离子的存在会抑制TDF降解;存在HA时会降低TDF去除效果。当TDF浓度为200μg·L-1、PS投加量为250μmol·L~(-1)、pH为5、温度为(25±2)℃和反应时间为600 s的反应条件下,TDF的去除率达到99.83%。相比于单独采用UV辐照和PS氧化技术,UV/PS技术对TDF的去除率分别提高了64.2%和86.22%。TDF的降解机制是紫外直接光解和以硫酸根自由基(SO4·-)为主的自由基氧化的共同作用。     

预磁化零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系降解双氯芬酸钠

双氯芬酸钠(diclofenac sodium,DCF)是一种常用的消炎止痛药,已在地下水、地表水和饮用水中被广泛检出,成为一种新型微量污染物,具有潜在危害,基于此,采用预磁化零价铁/过硫酸盐(Pre-Fe~0/PS)和零价铁/过硫酸盐(Fe~0/PS)2种体系对DCF进行降解。考察了过硫酸盐(PS)投加量、零价铁投加量、初始pH对2种体系降解DCF的影响,探究了2种体系中铁离子的产生情况和pH的变化,并利用ESR技术检测了体系中生成的自由基。结果表明,与Fe~0/PS体系相比,在不同PS量(0.125～1.0 mmol·L~(-1))、 Fe~0量(0.125～1.0 mmol·L~(-1))和初始pH3.0～10.0下,Pre-Fe~0/PS体系对DCF的降解速率常数提高了2.1～6.2倍;Pre-Fe~0/PS体系中会产生更多的铁离子,且在反应过程中pH下降更快;Pre-Fe~0/PS体系比Fe~0/PS体系产生更多的SO·4-和·OH,且能在较长的时间保持较高的浓度。Pre-Fe~0/PS体系降解DCF可以适用更宽的pH范围,是DCF废水处理的有效途径。     

真空紫外/紫外/过硫酸盐工艺降解水中全氟辛酸

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种水中检出频率较高的全氟和多氟烷基物质,常规水处理工艺难以有效去除。紫外(UV)/过硫酸盐(PDS)工艺对PFOA具有较好的处理效果。相对于传统低压汞灯,新型光源真空UV/UV(VUV/UV)汞灯,可在不增加电能输入下,额外输出185 nm VUV光子有效光解PFOA。因此,采用VUV/UV汞灯驱动UV/PDS工艺具有高效降解PFOA的潜力。选用前期研发的配装VUV/UV汞灯的细管流光反应系统开展研究,通过微量过氧化氢生成法和化学感光剂(尿苷)测定VUV和UV辐照强度分别为1.16×10^-4 einstein·(m²·s)^-1和1.39×10^-3 einstein·(m²·s)^-1。结果表明,相对于单独UV和VUV/UV辐照,PDS的投加会生成SO4-·,进而强化PFOA的降解。由于额外的185 nm VUV光子辐照,VUV/UV/PDS工艺相对于UV/PDS工艺具有明显强化降解作用。当PDS浓度在0～0.9 mmol·L^...     

VUV/UV/Cl2工艺去除饮用水中的乐果

乐果是常规饮用水处理技术难以去除的一种典型有机磷农药。为了能够控制并去除饮用水中的农药残留,达到进一步净化水质的目的,建立了降解动力学模型,采用模拟降解饮用水中乐果的方法,对比了乐果在紫外(UV)、氯(Cl2)、紫外/氯(UV/Cl2)、真空紫外/紫外(VUV/UV)和真空紫外/紫外/氯(VUV/UV/Cl2)5种工艺下的去除效果,并考察了乐果初始浓度、Cl2投加量、溶液p H、水中共存天然有机物(NOM)和无机阴离子(N O_3~-、Cl-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))对VUV/UV/Cl2工艺降解乐果的影响。结果表明:VUV/UV/Cl2对乐果的降解效率最高,乐果的去除率随其初始浓度的增加而减小;适当增加Cl2投加量,可提高乐果的降解效率;提高p H有利于乐果的降解;NOM对乐果的降解有一定的抑制作用;水中共存无机阴离子NO_3~-、Cl-和HCO_3~-可以捕获反应体系中的强氧化性羟基自由基(HO·),对乐果的降解起到抑制作用,而SO_4~(2-)因其捕获HO·的速率很低,无抑制作用。     

紫外线活化过一硫酸盐工艺对水中苯脲类除草剂Chlortoluron的去除特性研究

为研究紫外线活化过一硫酸盐(UV/PMS)工艺对水中常见苯脲类除草剂绿麦隆(Chlortoluron)的去除特性,对比考察了UV/PMS工艺与单独UV、单独PMS对Chlortoluron的降解效果,系统探讨了降解过程中关键工艺参数如PMS投加量、UV强度、pH和常见水体背景离子(Cl^-、NH⁺₄、HCO^-₃及SO^2-₄)对Chlortoluron降解的影响,并对其相关成本效益进行了衡算分析。结果表明,UV/PMS体系中产生的强氧化性自由基包括SO^-₄·和HO·大大提高了Chlortoluron的去除速率,其降解过程符合拟一级动力学模型且降解速率随PMS投加量和UV强度的增加而增大;碱性pH环境比酸性pH更有利于Chlortoluron的去除;水体背景离子Cl^-和NH⁺₄显著抑制了Chlortoluron的降解,HCO     

纳米ZnO/PS薄膜的制备及光降解性能

利用纳米ZnO与聚苯乙烯(PS)高速共混法制备了一种在紫外光下具有自降解性能的复合薄膜.分析表明,经过KH570处理的纳米ZnO与PS通过化学键的方式桥联在一起.TG分析表明,复合薄膜的耐热性较PS有所提高；SEM图像显示0.5 wt％ ZnO在PS薄膜表面分布均匀,经过UV照射后薄膜表面出现光腐蚀现象.复合薄膜紫外光自降解实验表明:0.5 wt％ ZnO/PS薄膜在15W的紫外灯照射下,15d的自降解率为3.715％.     

CuO活化过硫酸盐对孔雀石绿的降解

为研究CuO在活化过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)与过二硫酸盐(PS)降解染料时的差异,通过单因素控制实验,探究PMS/PS浓度、CuO投加量、初始pH和氯离子对CuO/PMS和CuO/PS体系降解孔雀石绿染料(MG)的影响。结果表明:常温常压下,在MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),PMS浓度为250μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,60 min后CuO/PMS体系对MG的降解率为86.73%;当MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),PS浓度为200μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)时,60 min后CuO/PS体系对MG的降解率为79.07%,过量的CuO和过低的pH均会降低体系的氧化能力。当MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),氧化剂浓度为200μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)时,CuO/PMS体系与CuO/PS体系对MG降解率分别为80.35%和79.07%,降解效果大致相当。在地下水/工业废水中氯离子普遍存在情况下,CuO/PS体系由于不产生硫酸根自由基,则避免了氯代副产物的生成,因而相对硫酸根自由基氧化体系具有一定优势。动力学分析显示,两种体系中MG的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型。     

磁性纳米Fe_3O_4活化过硫酸盐降解水中磺胺甲恶唑

采用共沉淀法制备了具有较高催化活性的磁性纳米Fe_3O_4,并对其催化活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)的性能进行了探究,考察了PS浓度、Fe_3O_4投加量、初始pH、共存阴离子(Cl~-、CO_3~(2-)、NO_3~-)以及腐殖酸(HA)对SMX降解效果的影响。SEM、EDS、FT-IR、XRD和BET表征结果表明,实验制备了较高纯度的Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒;重复性实验结果表明,Fe_3O_4具有良好的稳定性;催化降解SMX的实验结果表明,提高PS的浓度、增加Fe_3O_4的投加量均可提高SMX的降解率,且SMX的降解反应符合拟一级动力学。当PS浓度为0.5 mmol·L~(-1)、Fe_3O_4投加量为1.2 g·L~(-1)、初始pH=7.0时,Fe_3O_4活化PS降解SMX的效果最佳,在反应180 min后,SMX降解率达到93.3%。XPS光谱分析结果表明,反应过程中Fe~(2+)主要参与了活化PS降解SMX的过程。乙醇(EtOH)和叔丁醇(TBA)自由基淬灭实验结果证明,在Fe_3O_4/PS体系中同时存在SO_4~-·和·OH,SO_4~-·对SMX的降解发挥了主导作用。以上结果为含磺胺甲恶唑废水的处理提供了催化剂选择,也可为过硫酸盐高级氧化体系中阴离子和腐殖酸对反应的影响效果提供参考。     

Fe and UV-enhanced ozonation of chlorophenolic compounds in aqueous medium

Mono-, di- and trichlorophenol including different isomers were degraded by O₃, O₃ + UV and O₃ + UV + Fe³⁺. Disappearance rates are nearly identical among three ozonations. Whereas TOC elimination was not completed by ozone alone. UV illumination accelerated TOC elimination rate and the addition of Fe³⁺ (O₃ + UV + Fe³⁺) further accelerated it. TOC elimination rates among different chlorophenols were in the order of mono > di > tri. The effect of Fe³⁺ was largest on the degradation of trichlorophenol. Hydroxylated aromatics, organic acids, formaldehyde and acetone were detected as intermediates.     

Pulsed discharge plasma induced Fenton-like reactions for the enhancement of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water

To sufficiently utilize chemically active species and enhance the degradation rate and removal efficiency of toxic and biorefractory organic pollutant para-chlorophenol (para-CP), the introductions of iron metal ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into either pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) process or the PDP process with TiO₂ photo-catalyst were tentatively performed. The experimental results showed that under the same experimental condition, the degradation rate and removal efficiency of para-CP were greatly enhanced by the introduction of iron ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into the PDP process. Moreover, when iron ions and TiO₂ were added together in the PDP process, the degradation rate and removal energy of para-CP further improved. The possible mechanism was discussed that the obvious promoting effects were attributed to ferrous ions via plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by UV light irradiation excited and hydrogen peroxide formed in pulsed electrical discharge, resulting in a larger amount of hydroxyl radicals produced from the residual hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the regeneration of ferric ions to ferrous ions facilitates the progress of plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by photo-catalytic reduction of UV light, photo-catalytic reduction on TiO₂ surface and electron transfer of quinone intermediates, i.e. 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone.     

Aniline degradation by electrocatalytic oxidation

The degradation of aniline solution in alkaline medium of pH 11.0 by electrocatalytic oxidation has been studied using an electrochemical reactor containing a SnO₂–Sb₂O₃–PtO anode and a Ti cathode, both of 54 cm² area. Hydroxyl radicals (HO^√) are produced at the anode, being tested with the trace catcher salicylic acid and phenol by spectrophotometery and high performance liquid chromatography. Intermediates dianiline, 4-anilino phenol and azobenzol were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The existence of HO^√ produced in the aniline degradation was assayed with scavenger tertiary butanol. The results showed that electrocatalytic oxidation is an effective process for the degradation of aniline. A general reaction pathway that accounts for aniline degradation to CO₂ involving those intermediates is proposed.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol by visible light-responsive iron-doped TiO2 and spontaneous sedimentation of the TiO2 particles

Fe-doped TiO₂ was prepared by the calcination of Fe_xTiS₂ (x = 0, 0.002, 0.005, 0.008, 0.01) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. All the Fe-doped TiO₂ were composed of an anatase crystal form and showed red shifts to a longer wavelength. The activity of the Fe-doped TiO₂ for the degradation of phenol was investigated by varying the iron content during UV (365 nm) and visible light (405 nm and 436 nm) irradiation. The degradation rate depended on the Fe content and the Fe-doped TiO₂ was responsive to the visible light as well as the elevated activity toward UV light. The molar ratio of 0.005 was the optimum for both the UV and visible light irradiations. The result was discussed on the basis of the balance of the excited electron–hole trap by the doped Fe³⁺ and their charge recombination on the doped Fe³⁺ level. The Fe-doped TiO₂ (x = 0.005) was more active than P25 TiO₂ under solar light irradiation. The suspended Fe-doped TiO₂ spontaneously precipitated once the stirring of the reaction mixture was terminated.     

Comparative study of the oxidation of atrazine and acetone by H2O2/UV, Fe(III)/UV, Fe(iii)/H2O2/UV and Fe(II) or Fe(III)/H2O2

In this study, the rates of degradation of organic compounds by several AOPs (H₂O₂/UV, Fe(III)/UV, Fe(III)/H₂O₂/UV, Fe(II)/H₂O₂ and Fe(III)/H₂O₂) have been compared. Experiments were carried out at pH ≈ 3 (perchloric acid / sodium perchlorate solutions) and with UV reactors equipped with a low-pressure mercury vapour lamp (emission at 253.7 run). The data obtained with atrazine ([Atrazine]_o = 100 μg/L) showed that the rate of degradation of atrazine in very dilute aqueous solution is much more rapid with Fe(III)/UV than with H₂O₂/UV. Photo-Fenton process (Fe(III)/H₂O₂/UV) was found to be more efficient than H₂O₂/UV and Fe(II)/H₂O₂ for the mineralization of acetone ([Acetone]_o = 1 mM).     

Sequential photochemical-biological degradation of chlorophenols

UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂ and UV/H₂O₂ were compared as pre-treatment processes for the detoxification of mixtures of 4-chlorophenol (4CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) prior to their biological treatment. When each chlorophenol was initially supplied at 50 mg l⁻¹, UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ treatment supported the highest pollutant removal, COD removal, and dechlorination efficiencies followed by UV/TiO₂ and UV/H₂O₂. The remaining toxicity to Lipedium sativum was similar after all pre-treatments. Chlorophenol photodegradation was always well described by a first order model kinetic (r² > 0.94) and the shortest 4CP, DCP, TCP and PCP half-lives of 8.7, 7.1, 4.5 and 3.3 h, respectively, were achieved during UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ treatment. No pollutant removal was observed in the controls conducted with H₂O₂ or TiO₂ only. Inoculation of all the photochemically pre-treated mixtures with activated sludge microflora was followed by complete removal of the remaining pollutants. Combined UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂-biological supported the highest detoxification, dechlorination (99%) and COD removal (88%) efficiencies. Similar results were achieved when each chlorophenol was supplied at 100 mg l⁻¹. COD and Cl mass balances indicated UV, UV/H₂O₂, and UV/TiO₂ treatments lead to the formation of recalcitrant photoproducts, some of which were chlorinated.     

Compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls isolated from Aroclor and Clophen technical mixtures

The combined electrochemical oxidation-solar-light/immobilized TiO₂ film process was conducted to degrade an azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The toxicity was also monitored by the Vibrio fischeri light inhibition test. The electrochemical oxidation rapidly decolorized RB5 (55, 110 μM) with a supporting electrolyte of 2 g l⁻¹ NaCl at current density 277 A m⁻² and pH 4. However, TOC mineralization and A₃₁₀ removal were low. Additionally, the treated solution showed high biotoxicity. RB5 at 110 μM significantly retarded the de-colorization efficiency by using the solar-light/immobilized TiO₂ film process. The combined electrochemical oxidation-solar-light/immobilized TiO₂ process effectively increased the removal of color, A₃₁₀, and TOC. The toxicity was also significantly reduced after 3 h of solar irradiation. The results indicated that the low-cost combined process is a potential technique for rapid treatment of RB5.     

Degradation of aquatic humic material by ultraviolet light

Natural humic water was treated with ultraviolet (UV) light and UV + hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂. The effects on the dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), the UV-absorbance at 254 nm (UV-abs.), the molecular size distribution, pH, and mutagenic activity were monitored, and the identity and concentrations of the most abundant gas chromatographable organic degradation products were determined.

The DOC content and the UV-abs. of the water decreased substantially during treatment with UV/H₂O₂. The decreases were dependent on the time of irradiation (UV dose) as well as on the H₂O₂ dose applied. The humus macromolecules were degraded to smaller fragments during irradiation. At higher UV doses, however, part of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) was found to precipitate, probably as a result of polymerization. Oxalic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, and n-butanoic acid were the most abundant degradation products detected. These acids were found to account for up to 20% and 80% of the DOM in UV- and UV/H₂O₂-treated waters, respectively. No mutagenic activity was generated by the UV irradiation or the UV/H₂O₂ treatment. It is further concluded that the substantial mutagenic activity formed during chlorination of humic waters cannot be decreased by using UV irradiation as a pretreatment step.     

Comparative studies of the Fe3+/2+-UV, H2O2-UV, TiO2-UV/vis systems for the decolorization of a textile dye X-3B in water

The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ  320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe²⁺–H₂O₂–UV  Fe²⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂–UV > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–TiO₂–UV > TiO₂–UV > Fe³⁺–UV > TiO₂–visible light (λ  450 nm) > H₂O₂–UV > Fe²⁺–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity.     

Influence of water hardness on the bioavailability and toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS)

In the present work, the influence of Ca²⁺ concentration on the toxicity of single cut linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) homologues was studied. Precipitation boundary diagrams for each homologue were obtained, indicating turbid and clear zones depending on the LAS and Ca²⁺ concentrations. The separation between transparent and turbid zones is given by the so-called precipitation line. LAS toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined at concentrations close to this precipitation line. It was observed that when Ca(LAS)₂ precipitation progresses, LAS bioavailability decreases for test animals, and the toxicity diminishes even at high nominal LAS concentrations. According to the “free ion activity model” (FIAM), the toxicity of a given chemical compound is mainly due to the ionic species (Ca²⁺–LAS⁻) and not due to the precipitated molecule, Ca(LAS)₂. The significance of the present study is in connection with the assessment of LAS sorption/precipitation studies in soils and sediments, where in situ toxicity is strongly influenced by Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ions, according to the results presented in this work.