硼酸吸收液对含氨样品测定的影响

纳氏试剂比色法测定氨,用硫酸溶液吸收馏出液,对测定结果无影响;若用硼酸作吸收液,特别是微量测定,要将pH值调至10.0±0.5,才能达到溶液显色反应所要求的碱度,确保测定的精密度和结果的准确度.     

空气中甲醛的测定

本文采用0.025%NaHSO_3、0.25%三乙醇胺和0.025%Na_2EDTA混合溶液采集空气中的甲醛,将甲醛转化为羟基甲磺酸而稳定于吸收液中。测定时,先加入NaOH溶液,使羟基甲磺陵分解为HCHO和SO_3~(2-)后,再加入盐酸副玫瑰苯胺溶液显色,用分光光度法测定甲醛含量。本法的稳定性好、灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强,并消除了汞盐试剂([HgCl_2SO_3]~(2-))的危害,适用于大气和室内空气中甲醛的测定。     

生物样品中微量挥发酚测定的正交试验研究及其应用

本文研究用L;(3~4)正交试验法确定生物样品中微量挥发酚测定的最佳显色体系和样品前处理程序。选用pH10.0,0.75ml 2％4-AAP,1.00ml 8％K_3Fe(CN_6),总体积200ml的显色体系,使灵敏度提高了4.5倍,空白吸光度减少5/6。用于动,植物及尿样中ppm级挥发酚的测定,其精密度优于7％,回收率在85～101％之间,完全能用题示目的分析要求。     

挥发酚样品显色萃取液再次稀释测定

用4—氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定水中挥发酚时,由于一些未知水样中酚含量较高,在预蒸馏水样稀释不当时,会出现显色后的萃取液颜色过深而无法比色测定的现象,此时酚浓度常常超出方法检测上限,若再重新取样耗时太多,采取将萃取液用氯仿再次稀释后比色测定的方法较好。试验证实,此法在超出检测上限的一定浓度范围内,显色反应仍是完全的,对显色后的萃取液,再次稀释测定是准确可靠的。     

废水中氰化物测定方法的探讨

异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法检测水中氰化物的标准方法中使用的有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺具有一定毒性且显色条件为水浴恒温,操作较繁琐。改进方法为用无水乙醇替代N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为溶剂且显色条件为室内恒温。通过实验室分析,对比标准方法与改进方法对水中氰化物的测定。结果表明,改进方法的精密度和准确度均满足测定分析要求,同时避免了试剂的二次污染对人体的危害,又在一定分程度上简化了实验操作。     

亚甲蓝比色法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法探讨

采用亚甲蓝比色法测定水中阴离子洗涤剂是目前较为简便、迅速、准确可靠又经济的测定方法。样品经中速定性滤纸过滤除去悬浮物后，加入酚酞试剂经酸碱中和后直接加入亚甲蓝显色液，用三氯甲烷分次萃取，该实验相对偏差，工作曲线、相关系数均达到了方法所规定的要求。     

不同处理方法对几种牧草种子发芽率的影响

主要对白三叶、紫花苜蓿、苇状羊茅、多年生黑麦草这4种野生牧草种子进行发芽试验,通过温度、NaCl溶液、KNO3溶液、浓H2SO4溶液、H2O2溶液等不同方法对这4种草种进行处理,对提高野生牧草种子的发芽方法进行探讨。结果表明,不同处理方法对发芽率的影响均达到显著水平。     

畜禽养殖场废水中铜铁铬镉元素测定的研究

用原子吸收光谱法对畜禽养殖废水中总铜、总铁、总铬、总镉进行测定，使用自制的改进液体进样装置，直接在线加入硝酸镧一十二烷基磺酸钠复配溶液，提高了铅和铬元素的灵敏度，降低了干扰。方法回收率较好，能够达到检测要求。     

提高水中氨氮测定精准度的研究

纳氏试剂光度法是污水中氨氮测定广泛采用的方法,文章通过实验分析讨论实验室环境、水样预处理、酒石酸钾钠和显色温度、显色时间、pH值等实验条件对氨氮测定精准度的影响。实验结果表明:改善实验室环境,在20²5℃、显色15min、显色后pH值为13的条件下,用滤膜代替滤纸,向酒石酸钾钠中加入NaOH煮沸浓缩定容能显著提高氨氮测定的精准度。     

高活性絮凝剂产生菌芽孢杆菌TS-1培养条件研究

从土壤中分离、筛选得到一株高絮凝活性絮凝剂产生菌,TS-1,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌.通过六因素五水平正交设计实验,探讨了该菌产絮凝剂的最优条件.在最优条件为乳糖2%、蛋白胨1%、KH2PO4 0.2%、K2HPO4 0.2%、NaCl 0.05%、(NH4)2SO4 0.05%、MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%、pH 6.0、34℃、180r/min、摇床培养40h下,所产絮凝剂对4‰的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效率为91.3%.     

Influence of data preprocessing on the quantitative determination of nutrient content in poultry manure by near infrared spectroscopy

With increasing concern over potential polltion from farm wastes, there is a need for rapid and robust methods that can analyze livestock manure nutrient content. The near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method was used to determine nutrient content in diverse poultry manure samples (n=91). Various standard preprocessing methods (derivatives, multiplicative scatter correction, Savitsky-Golay smoothing, and standard normal variate) were applied to reduce data systemic noise. In addition, a new preprocessing method known as direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) was tested. Calibration models for ammonium nitrogen, total potassium, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were developed with the partial least squares (PLS) method. The results showed that all the preprocessed data improved prediction results compared with the non-preprocessing method. Compared with the other preprocessing methods, the DOSC method gave the best results. The DOSC method achieved moderately successful prediction for ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. However, all preprocessing methods did not provide reliable prediction for total potassium. This indicates the DOSC method, especially combined with other preprocessing methods, needs further study to allow a more complete predictive analysis of manure nutrient content.     

A MONTE CARLO TEST OF LOAD CALCULATION METHODS,LAKE TAHOE BASIN,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The sampling of streams and estimation of total loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment play an important role in efforts to control the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. We used a Monte Carlo procedure to test the precision and bias of four methods of calculating total constituent loads for nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment in one major tributary of the lake. The methods tested were two forms of the Beale's Ratio Estimator, the Period Weighted Sample, and the Rating Curve. Intensive sampling in 1985 (a dry year) and 1986 (a wet year) provided a basis for estimating loads by the “worked record” method for comparison with estimates based on resampling actual data at the lower intensity that characterizes the present monitoring program. The results show that: (1) the Period Weighted Sample method was superior to the other methods for all constituents for 1985; and (2) for total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and suspended sediment, the Rating Curve gave the best results in 1986. Modification of the present sampling program and load calculation methods may be necessary to improve the precision and reduce the bias of estimates of total phosphorus loads in basin streams.     

Improving lake riparian source area management using surface and subsurface runoff indices

Sensitivity indices, which rank factors pertinent to surface and subsurface runoff pathways, were used to identify phosphorus source areas in riparian zones of 15 northern Minnesota lakes. Watershed models were first developed using a geographic information system (GIS). Empirical models were then developed correlating water quality with land use, lake morphometry, and riparian sensitivity. Base models of forested, cultivated, pasture/open, wetland and residential land use within 100, 200, 400, and 2000 m of the study lakes were regressed on total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. Area-weighted groundwater and surface runoff sensitivity indices were then incorporated into each model and tested for significance. Within the 200-m buffer, the total phosphorus base model was improved by including the groundwater index alone. The chlorophyll-a base model at 200 m was improved by including: (1) the groundwater index alone, and (2) both the groundwater and surface runoff sensitivity indices. Results suggest that surface and subsurface runoff analysis of potential source areas can improve decision making for lake riparian management.     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS IN LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA,FLORIDA, USA: RESPONSES TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in eutrophic Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, improved markedly from 1982 to 1992 as a result of reductions in phosphorus and nitrogen loading to the lake. Annual budgets of water, chloride, phosphorus and nitrogen were constructed for the lake, and indicate it is a sink for phosphorus and a source for nitrogen. Water column concentrations of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a all declined as external inputs of nutrients decreased. Water column nitrogen: phosphorus ratios have increased, suggesting a probable shift from nitrogen- to phosphorus-limitation. This apparent shift in nutrient limitation status also is supported by comparisons of the mean Trophic State Indices for phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a. These improvements in water quality are attributed to the diversion of wastewater treatment plant effluent from the lake, and the increased use of wet retention ponds for stormwater runoff.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定环境水样中总磷的干扰及消除

溶液稀释法是一种简单有效的消除非光谱干扰的方法,背景扣除法、干扰系数法是消除光谱干扰的简单常用方法;应用于实际水样分析,效果较好。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对水样中总磷的测定尚没有国家标准方法,本文对ICP-OES法测定磷的干扰及校正情况给以浅析,更适于环境水样的快速、批量分析。方法检出限、测定下限能满足环境水样的分析要求。     

微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中的总磷

采用热效率高的微波消解系统对土壤中的总磷进行消解,建立了微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中总磷的方法,该方法对比HJ632-2011碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法具有快速、简便、节约试剂等特点。本文用两种分析方法对实际土壤样品及标准样品进行定量测定,所得结果表明微波消解法能快速测定大量土壤样品的总磷。     

Relationships between soil and runoff phosphorus in small Alberta watersheds

Field-scale relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) and flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) in runoff are essential for modeling phosphorus losses, but are lacking. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the relationships between soil phosphorus (STP and degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS)) and runoff phosphorus (TP and DRP) from field-sized catchments under spring snowmelt and summer rainfall conditions, and (ii) to determine whether a variety of depths and spatial representations of STP improved the prediction of phosphorus losses. Runoff was monitored from eight field-scale microwatersheds (2 to 248 ha) for 3 yr. Soil test phosphorus was determined for three layers (0 to 2.5 cm, 0 to 5 cm, and 0 to 15 cm) in spring and fall and the DPS was determined for the surface layer. Average STP (0 to 15 cm) ranged from 3 to 512 mg kg(-1), and DPS (0 to 2.5 cm) ranged from 5 to 91%. Seasonal FWMCs ranged from 0.01 to 7.4 mg L(-1) DRP and from 0.1 to 8.0 mg L(-1) TP. Strong linear relationships (r2=0.87 to 0.89) were found between the site mean STP and the FWMCs of DRP and TP. The relationships had similar extraction coefficients, intercepts, and predictive power among all three soil layers. Extraction coefficients (0.013 to 0.014) were similar to those reported for other Alberta studies, but were greater than those reported for rainfall simulation studies. The curvilinear DPS relationship showed similar predictive ability to STP. The field-scale STP relationships derived from natural conditions in this study should provide the basis for modeling phosphorus in Alberta.     

Summer total phosphorus in lakes: A map of Minnesota,Wisconsin, and Michigan,USA

A map of summer total phosphorus in lakes has been compiled for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan to clarify regional patterns in attainable lake trophic state. Total phosphorus was used as a measure of lake trophic state because: (1) phosphorus plays a central role in controlling the overall fertility of most lakes, (2) total phosphorus values are available for a great number of lakes, and (3) phosphorus is measured in a consistent manner. The maps were compiled using patterns of total phosphorus data and observed associations between these data and geographic characteristics including physiography, land use, geology, and soils. Regions depicted on the map represent areas of similarity in phosphorus concentrations in lakes, or similarity in the mosaic of values, as compared to adjacent areas. Within each region, differences in total phosphorus can be compared to natural and anthropogenic factors to determine the types of lakes representative of each region, the factors associated with differences in quality, and the realistically attainable phosphorus levels for each type of lake.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION,KEZAR LAKE,NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.     

OREGON WATER QUALITY INDEX A TOOL FOR EVALUATING WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS1

ABSTRACT: The Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) is a single number that expresses water quality by integrating measurements of eight water quality variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, ammonia+nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total solids, and fecal coliform). Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the ambient water quality of Oregon's streams for general recreational use, including fishing and swimming. The OWQI, originally developed in the 1970s, has been updated based upon improved understanding about water quality behavior. This report describes the historical basis of the OWQI and defines the improved design of the present OWQI. The index allows users to easily interpret data and relate overall water quality variation to variations in specific categories of impairment. This report demonstrates the value of the OWQI in presenting spatial and temporal water quality information. The OWQI improves comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status, and illustrates the need for and effectiveness of protective practices.