膜基活性炭吸附轻烃的实验研究

吸附法油气回收技术中,吸附剂的填装方式对吸附分离效果有较大的影响。未成形粉末吸附剂具有较高的比表面积和发达的微孔结构,实验采用微孔滤膜包裹粉末活性炭(膜基活性炭),使粉末活性炭固定在吸附装置中,进行了膜基活性炭对轻烃(正己烷、正庚烷)的吸附实验,测定膜基活性炭和颗粒活性炭对轻烃的吸附性能。实验结果表明,相对于颗粒活性炭,轻烃通过膜基活性炭需要压降增加,但是其在膜基活性炭上的吸附量有明显的提高,也具有可实施性;膜基活性炭静态吸附等温线很好地符合Langmuir模型,且动态穿透曲线实验值与Logistic模型模拟值吻合良好。     

白洋淀沉水植物腐解溶解性有机物与重金属的相互作用

针对白洋淀秋冬季节水生植物腐解释放大量溶解性有机物(DOM)的问题,利用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)和激发发射光谱(EEMs)结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)对DOM样品进行表征和分离。实验结果表明,PARAFAC共分离出4种组分(C1、C2、C3和C4),类腐殖酸组分C1和C2、类蛋白组分C3、含有类蛋白组分和类富里酸组分共同组成的C4。此外,对样品进行荧光淬灭滴定实验来研究DOM与重金属(Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ))的相互作用,发现Cu(Ⅱ)对所有组分都存在明显的淬灭效果,并可以较好地拟合出络合常数(lg K),而Cd(Ⅱ)只与C4有较好的络合效果,这是由于C4中的类富里酸成分所造成的。研究进一步发现,样品U2中类蛋白组分C3和C4对重金属的淬灭效果比样品U0的类蛋白组分明显。这是由于样品U2中所添加的植物量较多,而植物腐解所释放的主要成分为类蛋白物质,有助于增强类蛋白组分的络合能力。研究结果可为科学评价水生植物腐解释放DOM对水体中重金属的迁移转化提供依据。     

炭材料调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的影响机制

活性污泥中的胞外聚合物EPS含黏性蛋白类物质并高度亲水,调控污泥中溶解性EPS和溶解性蛋白类物质是改善污泥脱水的有效途径。通过使用不同炭材料调理污泥的方法来观察污泥脱水性能的变化,深入解析污泥絮体及EPS含量和组分的变化特征。结果表明:炭材料调理污泥可以改善其脱水性,且炭材料吸附容量越大对污泥脱水性改善效果越好;不同炭材料对污泥絮体影响效果不同,经过未改性活性炭(AC-0)、HNO3改性活性炭(AC-1)和石墨调理的污泥絮体粒径变大,经酸碱交替改性活性炭(AC-5)调理的污泥絮体粒径变小;炭材料调理后EPS中蛋白类的荧光峰A、B和腐殖酸、富里酸的荧光峰C、D都得到有效降低,且其对腐殖酸和富里酸的吸附效果比蛋白类物质要好,对低分子质量物质和中分子质量物质的吸附效果要好于对大分子质量物质的吸附效果。     

三价铁改性活性炭对水中微量砷的吸附特性

研究了三价铁改性对不同活性炭(颗粒和粉末)对水中砷的吸附特性的影响。结果表明,三价铁改性有效提高了活性炭对不同形态砷的吸附性能。其中,对于2种活性炭,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的最佳铁离子改性浓度分别为0.1和0.05 mol/L。此时,通过Langmuir等温线方程拟合得到:粉末和颗粒活性炭对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量qm分别为2.38 mg/g和9.39 mg/g;而对As(Ⅴ)的qm分别为5.12 mg/g和2.32 mg/g。此外,当溶液的p H从3升高到9的过程中,吸附量先增加后有所下降,当p H为7时,改性前后的活性炭对砷的吸附量达到最高。     

城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物转化特性

运用反渗透技术对城市处理厂进出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行浓缩富集,利用DAX-8大孔树脂将DOM分为亲水物质(Hy I)、类富里酸(FA)和类腐殖酸(HA)3种组分。研究表明,原污水中有机物各组分经生物处理后的总量去除近90%,各组分所占总TOC的百分含量在生化反应过程中也发生了变化:出水中HA组分有降低的趋势,平均下降9.77%,而FA和Hy I两大组分所占总和呈现上升趋势,其中类FA物质升高7.94%,而Hy I组分百分比略有下降。与进水相比,出水中Hy I、FA和HA组分在Ⅲ(色氨酸)、Ⅳ(酪氨酸)区的荧光峰全部消失,而在Ⅰ(类腐殖酸)、Ⅱ(类富里酸)荧光峰变化不大。SUVA和电位滴定结果表明出水有机物的结构发生变化,各组分的芳香性比进水有机物有所增加。研究结果表明,进水中的有机物在污水处理过程中,小分子物质可以被生物利用并形成新的代谢产物释放到水中,大分子物质却较难被生物利用,但在处理过程中其分子构造在一定程度上被微生物改变,系统的生化驯养可以达到构造改变的效果,从而影响出水各组分分子量变化。     

沉积物中溶解性有机质的垂直分布光谱特性

采用紫外光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法对瀛湖沉积物中溶解有机质(dissolved organic matters,DOM)垂直分布的光谱特性进行了分析,利用荧光指数(fluorescence index,FI)、腐殖化指数(humification index,HIX)和生物源指数(biological index,BIX)解析了沉积物中DOM荧光组分、空间分布特征和来源。紫外光谱结果表明:瀛湖沉积物的UV254值在0.14~0.30之间,最大值出现在深度10~11 cm处,深层(20 cm以下深度)沉积物UV254值趋于稳定。A250/A365比值在3.69~9.98之间,均值为5.36,表明瀛湖沉积物DOM以富里酸为主。三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析结果表明:沉积物DOM包含3类4个荧光组分,即类腐殖质组分(C1和C2)、类蛋白组分(C3和C4),其中,类腐殖质组分的荧光强度约占全部组分荧光强度的60.7%;随着深度的增加,3个采样点的类蛋白质组分(C3和C4)的荧光强度均呈现下降趋势。FI、HIX和BIX都表明瀛湖沉积物DOM的来源主要是由沉积物中自生微生物活动产生。其中,FI在1.73~2.10范围内,BIX处于0.72~0.96范围内,HIX在1.39~4.72范围内。     

O_3/H_2O_2工艺深度处理污水处理厂尾水中有色可溶性有机物研究

污水处理厂尾水中残留有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)直接排放会对环境产生一定影响。使用O_3/H_2O_2工艺深度处理尾水,基于三维荧光光谱,考察反应时间、初始pH、O_3流量、H_2O_2投加量等对尾水中CDOM的去除效果。研究表明,从尾水CDOM中提取出3个有效荧光组分,其中荧光组分C1和C2为腐殖质类物质,荧光组分C3为蛋白类物质,各工艺条件对荧光组分的去除影响显著,蛋白类物质比腐殖质类物质更容易去除。O_3/H_2O_2工艺能够有效去除尾水中CDOM的荧光组分,可为尾水深度处理提供技术参考。     

去除饮用水中三卤甲烷和腐殖酸的活性炭选型方法

三卤甲烷(THMs)是水中天然有机物在氯化消毒过程中产生的对人体有致癌作用的挥发性有机物,腐殖酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物.活性炭吸附是去除THMs和腐殖酸最常用的方法.不同炭型的活性炭对THMs和腐殖酸的吸附容量并不相同.以饮用水中最常见的THMs(即三氯甲烷)和腐殖酸为吸附对象,进行煤、椰壳和果壳3种不同材质活性炭的吸附容量实验.实验结果验证了苯酚值预测各类活性炭对小分子THMs吸附性能以及丹宁酸值预测各类活性炭对大分子腐殖酸吸附性能的有效性.具有丰富微孔和表面氧化程度较低的上海椰壳炭YK-2和上海果壳专用炭对三氯甲烷的吸附容量比上海原煤破碎高,大孔丰富的上海果壳专用炭和上海原煤破碎对腐殖酸的吸附性能高.将实验结果与美国环保局RREL(Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory)水污染物处理数据库中相关信息对比发现,相比国外常用活性炭,国产活性炭对三氯甲烷的吸附性能与之相当或略高,具有更好的性价比,应用前景广阔.     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化深度处理工艺对酵母发酵废水中有机物的去除特性分析

酵母发酵废水经过厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)-好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺处理后,仍含有较高浓度的COD,不能满足排放要求。以发酵废水处理过程中MBR处理单元的出水为研究对象,选择活性炭催化臭氧氧化作为其深度处理工艺,以活性炭吸附和单独臭氧氧化工艺作为对比,重点考察了活性炭催化臭氧氧化深度处理工艺对发酵废水中有机物的去除效能,并借助红外光谱、三维荧光光谱和气相色谱-质谱联用等方法,详细分析了发酵废水深度处理过程中有机物的变化规律。研究结果表明,活性炭催化臭氧氧化深度处理工艺对发酵废水中的芳香族化合物、具有共轭双键的有机物及色度具有良好的去除效果;并且对废水中酸类、醇类和醛类等有机物有较好的降解、转化和去除效果。此外,活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺还可以使以烷烃、卤代烃、醇类、酯类和酮类为主的大分子有机物的含量大幅度减少。     

城市污水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物的特性及其深度处理研究

在对某城市污水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性进行深入分析的基础上,对比了混凝、活性炭吸附、树脂吸附等深度处理工艺对DOM的处理效果。结果表明,水样中溶解性有机碳(DOC)为12.32mg/L,其中疏水性组分占46.65%,亲水性有机物(HPI)占33.33%,过渡亲水性组分占20.02%;酸碱滴定结果表明,HPI的总酸度最强;MIEX树脂对所有组分尤其是疏水性组分的去除效果都较好,它在城市污水二级生化出水(尤其是富含疏水性物质的水体)的深度处理中具有更广阔的应用前景;凝胶渗透色谱分析结果表明,水样中DOM的分子量呈宽分布特征,主要包含平均分子量为230~750u的低分子量小分子有机物,也包含12 000u左右的中等分子量有机物,而经MIEX树脂吸附处理后,分子量在12 000u左右的组分基本去除,分子量在230~750u的组分也有显著的减少。     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil

Organic pollutants (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) strongly sorb to carbonaceous sorbents such as black carbon and activated carbon (BC and AC, respectively). For a creosote-contaminated soil (Sigma15PAH 5500 mg kg(dry weight(dw))(-1)) and an urban soil with moderate PAH content (Sigma15PAH 38 mg kg(dw)(-1)), total organic carbon-water distribution coefficients (K(TOC)) were up to a factor of 100 above values for amorphous (humic) organic carbon obtained by a frequently used Linear-Free-Energy Relationship. This increase could be explained by inclusion of BC (urban soil) or oil (creosote-contaminated soil) into the sorption model. AC is a manufactured sorbent for organic pollutants with similar strong sorption properties as the combustion by-product BC. AC has the potential to be used for in situ remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The addition of small amounts of powdered AC (2%) to the moderately contaminated urban soil reduced the freely dissolved aqueous concentration of native PAH in soil/water suspensions up to 99%. For granulated AC amended to the urban soil, the reduction in freely dissolved concentrations was not as strong (median 64%), especially for the heavier PAH. This is probably due to blockage of the pore system of granulated AC resulting in AC deactivation by soil components. For powdered and granulated AC amended to the heavily contaminated creosote soil, median reductions were 63% and 4%, respectively, probably due to saturation of AC sorption sites by the high PAH concentrations and/or blockage of sorption sites and pores by oil.     

全球低碳发展评估及中国低碳发展的实现路径

低碳发展日益成为国际关注的热点问题,中国正处在快速工业化和城镇化进程当中,通过低碳发展实现经济社会转型尤为迫切。在全球大背景下正确判断中国的低碳发展水平,汲取各国有益的低碳发展经验,寻求适合中国的低碳发展路径尤为重要。从低碳发展特征指标变动出发,通过统计分析,得出全球低碳发展历史和现状水平,以及中国所处的位置。研究表明,近20年来全球碳生产力水平不断提高,近年来中国的碳生产力水平飞速提升,但是中国的碳生产力仍然远远低于全球平均水平,离先进国家的差距更大,不足法国的1/10,人均二氧化碳排放增速位居世界前列,减排压力巨大。因此,结合国内外实践经验,总结了中国低碳发展的5个实现路径,分别是调整能源结构、发展低碳产业、倡导低碳消费、建设低碳城市和加强碳汇建设。     

活性炭纤维对染料的吸附性能研究

研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（P－ACF）、粘胶活性炭纤维（R－ACF）和颗粒活性炭（GAC）对5种红色染料的吸附能力,通过简单的模型,算出5种染料在两种活性炭纤维上的吸附速率常数。结果表明,尽管吸附能力随染料种类不同而有一定的差别,但总体上,聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维的吸附能力略低于颗粒活性炭,而粘胶活性炭纤维的吸附能力则远远优于前两种,对染料有着较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率。     

An evaluation of measurement methods for organic, elemental and black carbon in ambient air monitoring sites

The carbonaceous components of Particulate Matter samples form a substantial fraction of their total mass, but their quantification depends strongly on the instruments and methods used. United Kingdom monitoring networks have provided many relevant data sets that are already in the public domain. Specifically, hourly organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were determined at four sites between 2003 and 2007 using Rupprecht and Pattashnik (R & P) 5400 automatic instruments. Since 2007, daily OC/EC measurements have been made by manual thermo-optical analysis of filter samples using a Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Analysis instrument. In parallel, long term daily measurements of Black Smoke, a quantity directly linked to black carbon (measured by aethalometers) and indirectly related to elemental carbon, have been made at many sites. The measurement issues associated with these techniques are evaluated in the context of UK measurements, making use of several sets of parallel data, with the aim of aiding the interpretation of network results. From the results available, the main conclusions are that the R & P 5400 instruments greatly under-read EC and total carbon (TC = OC + EC) at kerbside sites, probably due to the fact that the smaller particles are not sampled by the instrument; the R & P 5400 instrument is inherently difficult to characterise, so that all quantitative results need to be treated with caution; both aethalometer and Black Smoke (converted to black carbon) measurements can show reasonable agreement with elemental carbon results; and manual thermo-optical OC/EC results may under-read EC (and hence over-read OC), whether either transmittance or reflectance is used for the pyrolysis correction, and this effect is significant at rural sites.     

抗氧化性活性炭的制造及表征

活性炭是一种应用广泛的吸附催化剂，具有发达的空隙结构和巨大的比表面积，在环境污染治理方面具有广泛的应用。但是，活性炭较低的抗氧化性能限制了其在工业上的广泛应用。针对提高活性炭抗氧化性能的问题进行了初步的研究，提供了一种新型的增强活性炭抗氧化性的实验方法，经过实验验证，在温度为200℃时，与原始活性炭相比，改性活性炭的重量损失降低了28.9％。且通过氮气和亚甲基蓝吸附实验证明其孔大小和吸附量并没有显著改变，是一种较为可行的新方法，在工业生产中具有极大的经济意义。     

电吸附活性炭电极制备及电吸附特性

电极的材料和制备是电吸附技术的核心。本研究进行了活性炭电极的制备、改性和表征,并分析其电吸附特性。结果表明,物理化学改性活性炭电极比表面积可达748.54 m2/g,分别是物理改性、化学改性活性炭电极的1.22和12.16倍,电吸附效果最佳。其对Na Cl紊态电吸附效果是物理改性活性炭电极的1.28倍,化学改性活性炭电极的3.75倍。对Na Cl紊态电吸附单位吸附量为7.19 mg/g,是静态吸附的8.78倍。对Na Cl、Na2SO4和Na3PO4紊态电吸附单位吸附量依次为5.94、11.83和21.47 mg/g,单位吸附量和吸附平衡时间随着被吸附离子的负电荷增加而增加。紊态电吸附过程符合一级动力学,吸附过程是由扩散机制控制的、伴随着电场作用的慢吸附过程。     

Quantification of activated carbon contents in soils and sediments using chemothermal and wet oxidation methods

Activated carbon (AC) strongly sorbs organic pollutants and can be used for remediation of soils and sediments. A method for AC quantification is essential to monitor AC (re)distribution. Since AC is black carbon (BC), two methods for BC quantification were tested for AC mixed in different soils and sediments: i) chemothermal oxidation (CTO) at a range of temperatures and ii) wet-chemical oxidation with a potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution. For three soils, the amount of AC was accurately determined by CTO at 375 °C. For two sediments, however, much of the AC disappeared during combustion at 375 °C, which could probably be explained by catalytic effects by sediment constituents. CTO at lower temperatures (325-350 °C) was a feasible alternative for one of the sediments. Wet oxidation effectively functioned for AC quantification in sediments, with almost complete AC recovery (81-92%) and low remaining amounts of native organic carbon (5-16%).     

炭法烟气脱硫技术现状与趋势

介绍了炭法烟气脱硫在脱硫剂、脱硫工艺和设备等方面的应用现状和研究进展 ,分析了制约炭法烟气脱硫技术发展的原因 ,并提出 :开发新材料、新工艺 ,变传统的炭吸附法脱硫技术为炭催化法脱硫技术是炭法脱硫技术的发展方向     

Sorption of atrazine and phenanthrene by organic matter fractions in soil and sediment

Atrazine and phenanthrene (Phen) sorption by nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC), black carbon (BC), humic acid (HA) and whole sediment and soil samples was examined. Atrazine sorption isotherms were nearly linear. The single-point organic carbon (OC)-normalized distribution coefficients (K_OC) of atrazine for the isolated HA1, NHC1 and BC1 from sediment 1 (ST1) were 36, 550, and 1470 times greater than that of ST1, respectively, indicating the importance of sediment organic matter, particularly the condensed fractions (NHC and BC). Similar sorption capacity of atrazine and Phen by NHC but different isotherm nonlinearity indicated different sorption domains due to their different structure and hydrophobicity. The positive relationship between (O + N)/C ratios of NHC and atrazine log K_OC at low concentration suggests H-bonding interactions. This study shows that sediment is probably a less effective sorbent for atrazine than Phen, implying that atrazine applied in sediments or soils may be likely to leach into groundwater.