海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警业务体系构建与应用初探

本文在综合分析海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警技术框架的基础上,从业务组织体系、监测方案综合协调机制、数据库和软件模块4个方面构建了海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警业务体系,并探讨了海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警结果在海洋空间区域/规划、海洋生态补偿与生态修复、"湾长制"等海洋管理新制度、自然资源资产管理与追责、海洋与环保督察等具体海洋监管工作中的应用方向,为构建海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警长效机制探索切实途径。     

自动监测网络建设在环境污染管理中的应用

污染源自动监控系统,是以在线自动分析仪器为核心,把移动通讯为传输媒介,运用现代传感技术、自动测量技术、自动控制技术、计算机应用技术以及相关的专用分析软件和通讯网络所组成的一个综合性的在线自动监测与预警系统,利用现代监测技术、信息网络技术和自动控制技术对排污企业实施全程监督控制、及时预防和处理污染事件的管理系统。     

高精度管道泄漏监测报警定位系统应用

高精度管道泄漏监测报警定位系统是基于管理中心平台上集成了次声波泄漏监测定位技术、最新的卫星定位技术和通讯技术为一体的管道泄漏监测系统.通过在孤东采油厂原油外输线的研发应用,能够准确的监测到原油管线泄漏点,为打击盗油行为,提供了有力保障.     

网络自动质控在空气优化布点监测中的应用

文章介绍了粤港珠江三角洲空气监控系统QA/QC标准操作程序,在固定-移动自动监测相结合的城市空气优化布点监测当中的应用。使用自动化的网络远程质控技术,轻松实现了全方位、多项目、高频次的质控操作和统计,得出了对子站成效审核的结果。尝试用粤港质控体系对移动子站进行管理,探讨了移动子站在高强度的网格实测中的质量管理注意事项。     

我国海洋核事故应急监测与环境评价所面临的问题及对策

针对目前我国海洋环境保护工作所面临滨海核电站/核设施事故泄漏、跨界输入的外源性核污染、海上移动/航空飞行器核设施的事故等三大核污染源的威胁,深入剖析我国海洋核事故应急工作的现状和不足,并提出自己的某些看法或建议,以期待为完善海洋核事故应急监测评价及应急方案制定提供参考。     

哈尔滨市污染源在线实时监测系统的规划

结合哈尔滨市污染源监测工作的实际,借鉴中国国内先进城市污染源监测的成功经验,依托现有的传感技术、通讯技术和计算机及其网络技术,从污染源在线实时监测系统的技术要求、技术路线等多个方面进行规划.该规划为设计和实现哈尔滨污染源在线监测系统提供良好的建议,为使其在全市重点污染源得以实施应用提供依据.     

污染监测浮标的发展及其在海洋环境污染监测中的应用

本文对海洋环境污染监测技术和海洋浮标技术现状的简要综述表明，浮标在海洋环境污染监测中正发挥着重要的作用，它是现代海洋环境污染立体监测网的重要组成部分，积极发展我国海洋污染监测浮标是完全必要的，我国并已具有相应的技术基础。文中着重介绍浮标技术的特点，污染监测浮标及其应用。文章最后对发展我国污染监测浮标的策略和技术路线作了阐述。     

基于日本苫小牧港CCS示范项目的海洋碳封存环境风险监测方法浅析

碳捕集与封存利用技术是应对全球变暖、实现温室气体CO₂大规模削减的重要技术途径。海洋碳封存技术是近年来的研究重点之一,该技术利用海下稳定岩石储层对CO₂进行储存,相比于陆地碳封存技术具有更高的安全性。以日本苫小牧港CCS示范项目为基础,系统梳理了该项目在海洋生态环境监测、CO₂泄漏事故预防监测和地震监测等方面的研究方法,分析并总结了CO₂泄漏事故判断指标pCO₂/DO值(海水中CO₂与DO分压之比)的适用性以及地震对CO₂海下注入工程的影响,并基于中国国情提出在海洋碳封存项目中增加CO₂泄漏事故预防监测系统和地震监测系统等建议,为地震多发海域今后的碳封存项目提供借鉴。     

基于无线传感器网的噪声监测系统设计及应用

噪声污染严重危害着人类的身心健康与生活质量,基于物联网技术拓展噪声监测方法的研究对当前我国城市环境噪声污染控制具有重要的指导意义。从噪声监测同步、联动、实时的需求出发,利用无线传感器网络技术中的ZigBee技术,结合地理信息系统,设计了基于无线传感器网络的噪声监测系统,并将该系统应用于某科研单位园区噪声污染的联网监测。实验结果表明,基于无线传感器网络的噪声监测系统的监测结果可以反映噪声污染的真实情况,可以作为治理噪声污染对策的依据。     

室内空气质量在线检测系统的研制

针对目前中国室内空气污染普遍、在线检测速度慢等现状,综合用传感器技术、嵌入式技术和无线传感器网络技术,研制了一套室内空气质量在线检测系统,系统由传感器阵列单元、信号调理单元、数据采集单元、数据显示单元、通讯单元、供电单元和嵌入式应用程序构成,实现了甲醛、总挥发性有机物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、温湿度检测的快速化、自动化和网络化。并通过精度校准平台对该系统在不同气体浓度下进行了实验,甲醛、总挥发性有机物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳相关系数R~2/响应时间T_(90)分别为0.996 4/22 s,0.995 3/10 s,0.999 8/36 s,0.999/53 s,结果表明,系统检测精度高,相关性好,响应时间快,能准确、方便的检测室内污染物。同时检测系统借助自带的无线传感器模块能够方便的扩展到诸如车内、矿井、化工厂等密闭环境中进行组网监测。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.