气化炉渣的重金属浸出特性及化学形态分析

分别采用硫酸硝酸法、水平振荡法和醋酸缓冲溶液法制取气化炉渣的浸出液，考察了不同提取方式对浸出液中重金属质量浓度的影响。采用改进BCR连续提取法对气化炉渣中的重金属Cr，Zn，Cu，Pb，Ni，As，Cd的化学形态进行了分析。实验结果表明：煤气化工艺中的气化炉渣属第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物;在3种提取方式中，醋酸缓冲溶液法的重金属浸出种类最多，且浸出量最大;Cd和Cr对环境具有较高的潜在危害性，Cu次之，Zn，Pb，Ni，As主要以残渣态形式存在，对环境的直接危害性较低。     

添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

赤泥制备含钛聚硅酸铝铁及亚甲基蓝溶液的混凝脱色

以拜耳法赤泥为原料、Na Cl为助溶剂,采用酸浸法溶出赤泥中的铁、铝元素,再与硅酸钠、硫酸氧钛反应制备出高效混凝剂含钛聚硅酸铝铁(T-PSAF),并将其用于模拟亚甲基蓝印染废水的脱色。实验结果表明:在硫酸浓度为8 mol/L、液固比(硫酸体积与干赤泥质量之比)为14 m L/g、酸浸温度为80℃、酸浸时间为80 min、Na Cl加入量为0.10 g/g(以干赤泥计)的优化酸浸条件下,铁、铝的浸出率分别为88.25%和73.21%;在n(Fe+Al)∶n(Ti)∶n(Si)=0.3∶0.3∶1、熟化p H为4~5、熟化时间为2 h、混凝剂加入量为25 m L/L的优化混凝条件下,初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为10 mg/L的废水的脱色率可达87.1%,而当初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度增至150~200 mg/L时废水脱色率可达99%以上。     

聚丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以2,6-二氨基吡啶为原料,合成了功能单体2-丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶,并将其与乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯共聚合成了聚合物吸附剂聚丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶。考察了聚合物吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附分离性能。实验结果表明:在混合液中Cu2+,Zn2+,Cd2+,Ni2+的初始质量浓度均为10 mg/L、聚合物吸附剂加入量为5 g/L、溶液pH=7、吸附时间为10 min的条件下,聚合物吸附剂对各离子的吸附率均大于90%;采用浓度为0.5 mol/L的HCl溶液对吸附后的聚合物吸附剂进行洗脱,4种重金属离子的洗脱率均可达97%以上;该吸附剂具有很好的稳定性,重复使用11次后其对4种重金属离子的饱和吸附量均未有明显的下降。     

腐殖酸-活性炭去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)及微波辐照法再生活性炭

考察了腐殖酸-活性炭吸附技术对水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的去除效果,采用微波辐照对吸附了As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的活性炭进行再生.用5 g活性炭分别处理100 mL质量浓度为100 mg/L的As(Ⅲ)溶液和质量浓度为50 mg/L的As(Ⅴ)溶液,经微波辐照再生后的活性炭重复使用4次时,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附量仍分别高达1.22 mg/g和0.38 mg/g.在腐殖酸加入量为0.17 mg/L的条件下,可分别将活性炭对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附量提高10.75％和4.35％.毒性浸出程序评价结果表明,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)在活性炭上的固定率在微波辐照后提高了14.6％～32.4％,腐殖酸存在时提高了6.9％～23.3％.     

抗坏血酸和铁系还原剂修复铬污染土壤

通过投加抗坏血酸(C₆H₈O₆)或铁系还原剂(FeCl₂,(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂,FeS)对重庆某化工厂的Cr污染土壤进行修复。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率均达80%以上,稳定效率均超73%,且投加量为理论值3倍和4倍时的效果相差不大。C₆H₈O₆相比于铁系还原剂表现出更好的长期稳定性,4~30 d的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度均低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出限值(1.5 mg/L)。投加3倍理论值C₆H₈O₆的土壤在30 d时的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度仅为0.83 mg/L,稳定效率高达98.3%。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂均显著增加了土壤中Cr的残渣态占比。FeCl₂和(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂会导致土壤pH降低。4种还原剂均未对土壤晶体结构产生明显影响。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定石化废水中的重金属

建立了硝酸加热消解后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定石化废水中重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb,Mn)的方法,优化了仪器工作参数,得到了线性回归方程,并对该方法进行了评价。优化后的仪器工作参数为射频功率1 150 W、雾化器流量0.70 L/min、辅助气流量0.50 L/min。各重金属元素回归方程的相关系数均在0.999 9以上,检出限为0.000 18~0.007 00 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.1%~2.0%,加标回收率为96.3%~102.2%。该方法具有线性关系好、检出限低、精密度和准确度高、分析速度快等优点。     

铅冶炼烟尘的物性分析及浸出性研究

采用XRF、XRD、激光粒度分析、DTA-TG、FTIR以及SEM-EDS等技术，对某铅冶炼厂烟尘（简称烟尘）进行了物性分析，并采用稀硫酸对烟尘进行了浸出性研究。分析结果表明：烟尘所含主要元素为Pb，Zn，Cd，Cl，S，As;烟尘是氧化物、硫酸盐、硅酸盐、硫化物和砷化物等物质的混合物，主要物相为ZnO，PbO，PbSO₄，CdO，CdS;烟尘颗粒大小不一，形状各异，多呈相互黏结或包裹状。实验结果表明：在ρ（硫酸）=120 g/L、浸出时间30 min、液固比（稀硫酸体积（mL）与烟尘质量（g）之比）20∶1、浸出温度60 ℃的条件下，Pb，Zn，Cd，As，Cl的浸出率分别达到0.16%，98.95%，49.36%，89.12%，99.31%。     

用赤泥和粉煤灰制备聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂和SiO2

以工业固体废弃物赤泥和粉煤灰为原料,经过酸浸、水解、聚合等步骤,制备复合型无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁.考察了酸浸出温度、盐酸浓度和浸出时间对赤泥和粉煤灰中Fe、Al溶出率的影响,并确定了最佳工艺条件.提取Fe、Al后的滤渣,采用碱溶法制备SiO2,考察了反应条件对实验结果的影响.结果表明,赤泥和粉煤灰中Fe和Al的溶出率都达到80.0％以上,SiO2的溶出率为65.0％.     

万山汞矿区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

以万山汞矿区土壤为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤中的重金属含量,分别运用内梅罗综合污染指数（NPI）法和潜在生态风险指数（RI）法评价土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并应用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对土壤重金属来源进行分析。结果表明：土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn出现不同程度累积,分别达贵州省背景值的263.61、2.31、1.28、2.11、1.70、1.01和3.52倍;土壤重金属平均NPI为188.00,属于严重污染水平,Hg是主要污染因子;土壤重金属平均RI为10 655.70,属于极强潜在生态风险水平,Hg是主要潜在生态风险因子;土壤中Cu、Ni、Cr主要源于自然活动,As、Pb、Zn主要源于燃煤和交通运输污染,Cd主要源于农业污染,Hg主要源于汞冶炼污染。     

A New Polymer Platform for the Future — Sorona<Superscript>®</Superscript> from Corn Derived 1,3-Propanediol

Responding to environmental, sustainability, business, and market factors, DuPont has commercialized a new polymer platform, Sorona®, based on 1,3-propanediol. The physical and chemical property advantages over other polymers are described. The diol component of this polymer, 1,3-propanediol, has been demonstrated to be manufacturable via biological (fermentation) process from corn sugar. The economic, environmental, and process/product quality advantages of bio-PDO over conventional diols are discussed.     

无机稳定剂处理重金属污染土壤

以重金属污染土壤为研究对象，比较了铁屑、蒙脱石、碳酸钙和羟基磷灰石4种稳定剂对土壤中Pb，Zn，Cd，Cu 4种重金属的稳定效果。实验结果表明，4种稳定剂稳定效率的大小顺序为：羟基磷灰石﹥碳酸钙﹥蒙脱石﹥铁屑。当稳定剂质量分数为10%时，羟基磷灰石、碳酸钙、蒙脱石和铁屑对Pb，Zn，Cd，Cu 4种重金属的平均稳定效率分别为99.63%，98.53%，97.15%，86.95 %。未加稳定剂时，土壤中的Pb以残渣态为主，Zn以残渣态和可交换态为主，Cd以残渣态为主，Cu以残渣态和可交换态为主；加入稳定剂后，土壤中4种金属可交换态的所占比例（简称占比）均显著降低，还原态的占比明显增大，残渣态的占比略有增大，氧化态的占比基本保持不变。     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩，馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理，再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下，处理后出水pH6～9，COD 302mg／L，BOD5 108mg／L，SS30mg／L，色度36倍，水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

酸浸出法回收冶金污泥中的有价金属

采用二次酸浸出的方法回收镍钴湿法冶金工业污泥中的有价金属。先采用水和硫酸作为浸出剂浸出Mg和Na,最佳工艺条件为浸出液的pH 7.5、浸出时间5 min、浸出剂体积与干污泥质量的比(ω)为10 mL/g。再采用硫酸作为浸出剂、焦亚硫酸钠作为还原剂进行二次酸浸,在硫酸与污泥质量比为1.3、焦亚硫酸钠与污泥质量比为0.3、ω为5 mL/g、浸出温度85℃、浸出时间20 min的最佳工艺条件下,Co、Ni、Cu、Mn和Zn的浸出率分别达92.45%、93.48%、89.52%、97.78%和94.79%。经XRD表征,浸出后污泥中未见原污泥中的矿物相,说明原污泥中的矿物几乎全部被溶解。     

《循环经济促进法》施行效果评估分析

《循环经济促进法》正式施行以来,循环经济法规制度体系逐渐完善,循环经济发展模式日趋成熟,循环经济试点工作进展显著,催生了一批符合循环经济要求的新技术和工艺。但是也存在着循环经济发展地区间尚不平衡,配套法规规章和规范性文件尚不健全,支撑体系尚较薄弱,激励措施和相关政策有待完善等问题。为此,要抓紧制定完善配套法规、规章和标准,进一步理顺体制机制,加快出台循环经济发展规划和经济激励政策,强化关键技术研发,全面推广循环经济发展典型模式,积极培育循环经济服务产业,加快相关支撑体系建设。     

Trends in Fish Community Structure,Biomass, and Production in Three Algoma,Ontario, Lakes

Long-term (i.e. >10 years) whole community fish dataincluding catch-per-unit-effort, abundance, biomass, andproduction from three lakes were used: 1) to examine variabilityin fish population and community measures among years using wholelake assessments of fish populations derived from mark recaptureexperiments, 2) to assess implications arising from monitoringindividual species vs. the whole fish community, and 3) toascertain whether, in fisheries assessments (science) a commonlyused surrogate measure, [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)] reflectedannual changes in the fish assemblage, and thus may be a goodestimator of abundance. High, long-term variability was evident in the abundance andbiomass of a fish species in our lakes, yet the communityremained relatively stable in terms of its biomass andproduction. Changes in total fish community biomass appear drivenby large species, which, relative to small fish species, remainstable among years. Among years, species richness remainedstable; however, fish species changed in the community. AnnualCPUE was found to be a suitable surrogate for abundance (N) ofsmall fishes; CPUE x mean weight of the catch (bCPUE) was asuitable surrogate for biomass (B) of large fishes. Prior toconcluding that a change in a fish population has occurred as aresult of a stressor, care must be taken to critically examinethe level of population assessment in order to avoid acceptingpotentially invalid conclusions.     

Urban Metal Flows – A Case Study of Stockholm. Review and Conclusions

Metals have rapidly accumulated in the anthroposphere, especiallyin urban areas, indicating possible environmental and resource problems. Here, Stockholm City was chosen for a case study of urban metal flows, i.e. metal inflow to, metals in the stock of,and metal outflow from the anthroposphere to the biosphere. Themetal stock of Stockholm is large and still growing. The large amounts of metals in the solid waste fraction totally dominatethe outflow from the city. For major parts of the stock, the emissions from goods in use are negligible. There are, however,goods applications corresponding to significant emissions: e.g. the traffic sector (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb), the tapwater system (Cu), roofs/fronts or other metal surfaces (Cu, Zn). Today's known metal flows from the anthroposphere of Stockholm to the biosphere and sewage sludge are quantitatively dominated by Zn(34 ton y^-1) and Cu (14 ton y^-1). Historical and present emissions have resulted in high metal concentrations insediments (especially Cd, Hg and Pb, but also Cu and Zn), groundwater (Cu, Hg) and in soils (Hg, Cu, Pb). At present theannual median concentrations are below the Swedish limits for metals in sewage sludge, even if the safety margins aresmall for Cd, Hg and to some extent Cu. The flows of Cu and Zn to Stockholm soils are high with a significant accumulationindicating an environmental impact in a longer time perspective.High levels of metals in surface sediments in the waterenvironments reflects an ongoing input where these metals aretransported from known (Cu, Zn) and or partly unknown (Cd, Hg, Pb) sources. In future urban areas, monitoring of metal flows must be performed both in the anthroposphere and the biospherein order to have a pro active approach to urban environmentalproblems and to get prompt answers to measures taken.     

Biobased Fiber Production: Enzyme Retting for Flax/Linen Fibers

Flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) is the source of natural fibers that provides biobased products for a variety of existing markets, but considerable processing and cleaning is required. Flax fibers, and bast fibers generally, are produced in the outer regions of the stem between bark and inner core tissues and require retting, which is the microbial separation of fiber from nonfiber tissues, as the first and most limiting stage of processing. Enzyme retting offers a method to overcome disadvantages of the current method, i.e., dew-retting, for high- and consistent-quality fibers with tailored properties for specific applications. Using chemical analyses, microscopy, and microspectroscopy, sites of carbohydrates, aromatics, and waxes plus cutins were identified in flax stems and their relationship to effective enzyme retting determined. Aromatics occur mostly in the inner, core tissues, with the fibers containing only small amounts located sporadically in cell corners of fiber bundles. Therefore, effective retting using enzymes to separate the aromatic-containing tissues from the fibers, but not to degrade aromatic compounds per se, is required. Waxes and cutin in the epidermal regions are effective barriers to enzyme penetration, and mechanical disruption facilitates enzyme penetration into the stems. Pectinases, with chelators to remove Ca⁺⁺ and destabilize pectin molecules, remove matrix compounds holding fibers within the stem and have been used in effective formulations to ret flax stems.