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1.
The analysis of data of the ground-level ozone concentration and accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40)
in the rural areas of Lithuania is presented. Trends in the annual ozone mean, 95{th} and 25{th} percentiles were determined
as statistically not significant at Preila and Rugsteliskes sites during the 1994hbox{–}2004 period. Trends in the ozone concentration
and its percentiles in the air masses arriving to Preila station in “polluted” and “unpolluted” sectors have been examined.
Statistically significant changes in the ozone annual mean and 25th percentile were found in air masses in both “polluted”
and “unpolluted” sectors in the 1988hbox{–}2002 period. The trend analysis in the ozone monthly mean and percentiles for each
month of the year revealed the main changes in the ozone level in both sectors during January-May. Insignificant downward
trends in monthly 95th percentile in “unpolluted” sector and upward trends in “polluted” sector were found during summer months.
Values of AOT40 for the protection of forests as well as crops and semi-natural vegetation were determined during the 1994–2004
period. The estimated AOT40 values for the protection of forests were lower than the critical level at Lithuanian rural sites
but AOT40 values for the protection of crops and semi-natural vegetation were found to be higher than the critical level at
both sites. 相似文献
2.
Mechanistic Virtual Modeling: Coupling a Plant Simulation Model with a Three-dimensional Plant Architecture Component 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Eric Jallas Ron Sequeira Pierre Martin Sam Turner Petraq Papajorgji 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(1):29-45
The aim of this research is to integrate plant architectural modeling or “visualization modeling” and “mechanistic” or physiologically
based modeling to describe how a real plant functions using a virtual crop. Virtual crops are life-like computer representations
of crops based on individual plants and including the representation of the substrate on which the plants grow. The integration
of a three-dimensional expression and the mechanistic model of plant development and growth requires the knowledge of the
position of the organs along the different plant axes (the topology), their sizes, their forms, and their spatial orientation.
The plant simulation model simulates the topology and organ weight or length. The superposition of spatial position and the
topology produces the architecture of the plant. The association between sizes and organs creates what we refer to as the
plant morphological model. Both components, the architectural model and the morphology model, are detailed in this paper.
Once the integration is complete, the system produces a movie-like animation that shows the plant growing. The integrated
model may simulate one or several plants growing simultaneously (in parallel). Visual capabilities make the proposed system
very unique as it allows users to judge the results of the simulation the same way a farmer judges the situation of the crops
in real life, by visually observing the field. 相似文献
3.
Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) can be loosely defined as policy‐relevant, multidisciplinary research on environmental
issues. Many, diverse activities in this broad field are ongoing, but the approaches lack the structure, standardization and
quality control common in disciplinary research. IEA has three stages: “structuring the problem”, “analyzing the problem”
and “communicating the findings and insights”. Each stage has its inherent difficulties, not least because problem definition
and analysis are neither separable nor unambiguous nor unique. Difficulties are exacerbated in the first and third stages
by the necessity for science and policy to work together. Difficulties are exacerbated in the second stage by the necessity
of different scientific disciplines to cooperate. The European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment is an initiative
to improve scientific quality and policy‐relevance of IEA, by organizing two series of workshops, one looking in detail at
current and desired scientific practices, the other reviewing current and establishing further applications of IEA to environmental
issues in Europe.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Frank J. Convery 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):165-176
In this paper, the following key issues are addressed: the so-called “South” – the Group of 77 and China – and how to engage
their interest and commitment; the purported savings if the flexible mechanisms are availed of, and the macro-economic impacts
of meeting the Kyoto objectives; the associated issues of narrowing the extent and scope for such trading by setting a limit
on how much can be traded, and “hot air” – the surplus quota above their own projected needs which Russia and most of the
old Soviet Union have to offer; operational issues, including units to be traded, monitoring and enforcement, allocation of
permits, competitiveness and risk management; in the case of emissions trading, the initial allocation of permits.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Anastasios I. Stamou Kimon Hadjibiros Andreas Andreadakis Alexandra Katsiri 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(3):157-170
A water quality model (MERES) is applied in the multi-purpose reservoir of Plastiras in Greece. The model was calibrated with
limited field data using the standard trial and error procedure; next, it was applied for four scenarios of reservoir operation,
which correspond to four values of minimum water levels (MWL). Model results were combined with landscape aesthetics to establish
a “safe” MWL in the reservoir. MWL was proposed to be +784 m, a value that ensures a very good water quality by retaining
the reservoir in the status of “a little beyond oligotrophic” and a very good quality of landscape with an acceptable area
of dead zones; it also ensures an annual release of 127.5 hm3 of water within a reliability level of 90%. This quantity can be considered as acceptable from the water supply point of
view. 相似文献
6.
C. Schlumpf J. Behringer G. Dürrenberger C. Pahl-Wostl 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(1):1-12
Participatory Integrated Assessment (PIA) is an approach which aims at developing methods which allow to combine evaluations
of experts and lay people in the field of Integrated Assessment. Thus, policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are
informed by scientific judgments and by valuations of “non-scientists”. For any PIA methodology the provision of insights,
facts and figures about the policy problem at hand is crucial.
In this paper we describe a PIA methodology which combines the social science research instrument “focus group” with a specific
computer information tool, the “Personal CO2 Calculator” (PCC). The tool supports citizens in discussing and recommending measures on climate change policy. Based on
our experiences, we plead for information instruments that are tuned to and assist concrete target groups with their specific
interests. This helps that policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are based on both scientific knowledge as well
as citizens' and stakeholders' policy preferences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: the case of Changzhou, China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Yao Y Zhu X Xu Y Yang H Wu X Li Y Zhang Y 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):951-967
Changzhou is a typical waterside municipality with approximately 2,500 years of history located south of the Yangtze River.
It was an agriculturally oriented region but is becoming an industrialized region. Rural green landscaping in this region
possesses characteristics of traditional Chinese gardens. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the visual quality
of green landscaping in rural residential areas through public perception-based and expert/design approaches. The former approach
enables us to rank green landscaping based on a survey of public preference; the latter weighs the contributions of the attributes
contained in a photograph to its overall scenic beauty via correlation, regression, and factor analyses. The photographs used
in the survey included road greenways, riparian greenways, residential public gardens and green landscaping around houses,
with each type of landscape represented by seven photographs. In total, 141 college students and 41 other participants ranked
photographs of each landscaping type from highest to lowest preference. The results indicate that the preferences of students
are similar to those of the general public. Examples of green landscaping depicted in the “best” four photographs possessed
more attractive qualities regarding the variety of vegetation, richness of colors and a selection of human additions compared
to those depicted in the “worst” photographs. The perceived visual quality was positively influenced by, in decreasing order
of importance, the variety of vegetation, color contrast, the openness of green spaces, the area of vegetation, and positive
man-made elements; conversely, it was negatively influenced by the type of topography. Moreover, some suggestions were offered
for future rural greening regarding perceived visual beauty. 相似文献
8.
Kim JY Lee BT Shin KH Lee KY Kim KW An KG Park YS Kim JY Kwon YH 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):79-85
Ecological health in a temperate stream impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) was evaluated by using a multimetric approach
of the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) based on natural fish assemblage. Recently, this approach has been widely used
in many developed countries as a tool for ecological risk assessments of water environments. We used 10 metric systems, instead
of 12 metrics suggested by Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., & Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, 2nd edn. EPA 841-B-99-002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, for a development of the
regional IBI model, and used trophic guilds, habitat guilds, and richness variables for the calculation of IBI values. In
the model, the attributes of four of 11 metrics were modified for the regional application. IBI values in the stream averaged
20.6 (n = 5), indicating a “poor condition” in terms of ecological health according to the modified criteria of U.S. EPA (1993).
Fish Field and Laboratory Methods for Evaluating the Biological Integrity of Surface Waters. EPA 600-R-92-111. Environmental Monitoring systems Laboratory – Cincinnati office of Modeling, Monitoring systems, and quality
assurance Office of Research Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268. In particular, mean IBI values in the impacted
areas of sites 2 and 3 were 13, and this health condition was categorized as “very poor condition.” IBI values in the impacted
sites were significantly lower than the values found in the control. Also, we found that fishes in site sites 2 and 3 were
not present during the study, and morphological deformity of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus was observed in site 4, influenced directly by sites 2 and 3, indicating a chemical impact in the sites. From the results
of experiments in which AMD was treated with marine shells at stagnant condition, pH increased up to 6.0 from 3.1, and Fe
and Al were removed up to 99% within 6 h. In the reactor experiment considering field application, pH of effluent maintained
around 7.0. In addition, concentrations of Fe, Al, and heavy metals decreased remarkably in the effluents, and bottom-opened
screen between neutralizer basins showed high effectiveness in the treatment of AMD. 相似文献
9.
Vincent Martinet Olivier Thébaud Alain Rapaport 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(6):503-517
In this paper, we develop a framework for (a) the study of sustainability of dynamic bioeconomic systems and (b) the definition
of recovery paths from unsustainable situations. We assume that the system follows a sustainable trajectory if it evolves
over time within a set of multidimensional constraints. We use the mathematical concept of viability to characterize sustainability.
Recovery paths are studied with regards to their duration and their acceptability. This general framework is applied to the
issue of recovering sustainable fisheries. We define sustainability in a fishery as the requirement that a set of economic,
ecological, and social constraints is satisfied at all times. Recovery paths are characterized by the time required to obtain
sustainable exploitation conditions in the fishery and by the acceptable recovery costs for fishermen. In particular, we identify
the recovery path which minimizes the time of crisis under a minimum transition profit constraint. We then describe the trade-off
between speed and accepted costs of recovery paths, by comparing “Hare”-like high-speed–high-cost strategies to “Tortoise”-like
low-speed–low-cost strategies. We illustrate our results by means of a numerical analysis of the Bay of Biscay Nephrops fishery. 相似文献
10.
Evaluation Score and Interpretation Index for the Ecological Quality of Running Waters in Central and Northern Hellas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The present study aims at creating an evaluation system for the quality of running waters, based on the analysis of benthic
macroinvertebrate records from Hellenic rivers (473 samples from 8 river basins). The proposed evaluation system (Hellenic
Evaluation Score and its Interpretation Index) may be used for waters sampled with the cost effective semi-quantitative sampling
method of “3 min kick-sweep” and requires benthic macroinvertebrates to be identified to the taxonomic level of family. Though
resulting from a modification of the Spanish score BMWP, it differs from it in the following characteristics: a) it includes
the relative abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and b) it takes into consideration the habitat diversity of the studied
site, classifying it as “poor” or “rich”, based on some parameters of the System B of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EU).
Its interpretation is also based on a five-scaled classification system, consistent with the provisions of the same Directive. 相似文献
11.
This research proposes an integrated framework to investigate human-dominated systems and provide a basic approach to urban
and regional studies in which the multiple interactions between economic and ecological processes are considered as a whole.
Humans generate patterns of land use, infrastructures and other settings and redistribute ecosystem functions as flows of
energy and matter for self-maintenance. To understand these emerging interactions between humans and ecological processes,
human activities (e.g. transformation processes, land conversions, use of resources) and biophysical agents such as geomorphology,
climate and natural cycles need to be considered. Emergy Analysis (spelled with an “m”) is then used as an environmental accounting
method to evaluate different categories of resource use with reference to their environmental cost. A case study of the Province
of Cagliari (in the island of Sardinia, Italy) is reported and the procedure for allocating emergy flows, assigning them to
districts and managing point data is discussed. Outcomes plotted on a map showed non-homogeneous spatial distribution of emergy
flows throughout the region, suggesting the way ecosystem functions are affected and restructured by the human economy. 相似文献
12.
Acadia National Park was one of the 14 sites included in the Park Research and Intensive Monitoring of Ecosystems network
(PRIMENet). For eight years the EPA monitored ultraviolet (UV) radiation at this site, with the National Park Service (NPS)
sponsoring a total climate and air monitoring station. Under the auspices of PRIMENet, research projects were initiated that
investigated the effects of UV on amphibians, determined watershed mass balances, and developed a model of deposition along
an elevational gradient. The monitoring data and research results have been used by park management to protect vegetation
and water resources from ozone and deposition. These data are now being used to develop a “vital signs” monitoring program
under the NPS’ Inventory and Monitoring Program. These data sets have been used in regional, national and international programs
to protect human health and resources from air pollution. Public outreach has been accomplished through web site resources
and via the Schoodic Education and Research Center. 相似文献
13.
Bioassays as well as biochemical responses (biomarkers) in ecosystems due to environmental stress provide us with signals (environmentally signalling) of potential damage in the environment. If these responses are perceived in this early stage in ecosystems, the eventual damage can be prevented. Once ecosystem damage has occurred, the remedial action processes for recovery could be expensive and pose certain logistical problems. Ideally, “early warning signals” in ecosystems using sensing systems of biochemical responses (biomarkers) would not only tell us the initial levels of damage, but these signals will also provide us with answers by the development of control strategies and precautionary measures in respect to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Clear technical guidelines or technical specifications on monitoring are necessary to establish and characterise reference conditions for use in an ecological status classification system for surface water bodies. For the Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment (ERA) of endocrine effects we used an approach of the exposure – dose – response concept. Based on the “Ecototoxicological Classification System of Sediments” that uses pT-values to classify effects in different river systems, we transferred the bio-monitoring data to the five-level ecological system of the WFD. To understand the complexity of the structure of populations and processes behind the health of populations, communities and ecosystems an ERA should establish links between natural factors, chemicals, and biological responses so as to assess causality. So, our ecological monitoring assessment has incorporated exposure & effects data. 相似文献
14.
Spatial autocorrelation in ecological systems is a critical issue for monitoring (and a general understanding of ecological dynamics) yet there are very few data available, especially for riverine systems. Here, we report here on assemblage-level autocorrelation in the benthic-invertebrate assemblages of riffles in two adjacent, relatively pristine rivers in south-eastern Victoria, Australia (40-km reaches of the Wellington [surveys in summers of 1996 and 1997] and Wonnangatta Rivers [survey in summer of 1996 only], with 16 sites in each river). We found that analyses were similar if the data were resolved to family or to species level. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed by using Mantel-tests for the data partitioned into different sets of spatial separations of survey sites (e.g. 0–6 km, 6–12 km, etc.). We found strong small-scale (≤6 km) autocorrelation in the Wellington River, which is consistent with known dispersal abilities of many aquatic invertebrates. Surprisingly, there were strong negative correlations at longer distance classes for the Wellington River in one of the two summers (20–40 km) and the Wonnangatta River (12–20 km). That two largely unimpacted, adjacent rivers should have such different autocorrelation patterns suggests that impact assessment cannot assume dependence or independence of sites a priori. We discuss the implications of these results for use of “reference” sites to assess impacts at nominally affected sites. 相似文献
15.
Measuring Water Storage Fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimetry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang J Xu K Yang Y Qi L Hayashi S Watanabe M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,115(1-3):23-37
Although satellite radar altimetry was developed and optimized for open oceans, it has been used to monitor variations in the level of inland water-bodies such as lakes and rivers. Here, for the first time, we have further used the altimetry-derived variation of water level for estimating the fluctuation of water storage as an addition to the present in situ water storage estimation systems to be used in remote areas and in emergency situation such as in the events flooding monitoring and for studying the effect of climate change. Lake Dongting, the second largest lake in China, influenced frequently by flooding, was, therefore, chosen to demonstrate the potential of the technique. By using the concept of an “assumed reference point”, we converted Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry data on water level variations in Lake Dongting to “water level” data. The “water level” time-series data and in situ water storage were used to establish a rating curve. From the rating curve, we converted data on “water level” derived from seven years (1993–1999) of Topex/Poseidon data to actual water storage in Lake Dongting. The result reveals that the seasonal and annual fluctuations of water storage occurred during the 1990s with a more frequent flooding at the late 1990s' especially the flooding in whole catchment level in 1998 and 1999. The study supports the usefulness of satellite altimetry for dense and continuous monitoring of the temporal variations in water dynamic in moderate to large lakes. 相似文献
16.
Charles F. Mason 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(2):131-143
Firms would like to capitalize on consumers' willingness to pay more for goods that use environmentally friendly production techniques, but have difficulty credibly conveying their environmental friendliness. One possible remedy is “ecolabeling,” where a third party certifies firms' products. To model this phenomenon, I analyzed a market characterized by asymmetric information in which firms decide whether to seek an ecolabel. Market equilibrium is discussed in three settings: where both technologies and outputs are fixed (so the only choice is whether to seek certification), where technologies are fixed but outputs are not, and where firms can choose both technology and output. 相似文献
17.
Combining policy instruments for sustainable energy systems: An assessment with the GMM model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter Rafaj Leonardo Barreto Socrates Kypreos 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(4):277-295
An assessment of the impact of an illustrative portfolio of policy instruments that address different sustainability concerns in the global energy system in areas of climate change, air pollution and introduction of renewable-energy resources is conducted. The effects of a policy set containing three instruments, implemented either individually or in combination, were examined. The policy instruments under examination in this work include: Cap-and-Trade policies imposing a CO2 emission reduction target on the global energy system, a renewable portfolio standard that forces a minimum share of renewable electricity generation, and the internalisation of external costs of power generation associated with local pollution. Implementation of these policy instruments significantly changes the structure and environmental performance of the energy sector, and particularly the structure of the electric-generation sector. The positive effects are amplified when the policy instruments are simultaneously applied, illustrating the potential for synergies between these energy-policy domains. The analysis has been conducted with the multi-regional, energy-system Global MARKAL Model (GMM), a “bottom-up” partial-equilibrium model that provides a detailed representation of energy technologies and endogenizes technology learning.
★A preliminary version of this paper has been presented at the 6th IAEE European Energy Conference on “Modelling in Energy Economics and Policy”, 1–3 September 2004, ETH Zürich, Switzerland. 相似文献
18.
Driving Forces for the Marsh Wetland Degradation in the Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Demin Zhou Huili Gong Yiyong Wang Shahbaz Khan Kuiyi Zhao 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(1):101-111
In the study, we analyze and assess quantitatively the spatial pattern of vegetation and its ecological degradation information
in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR), a Ramsar-designated site in Northeast China. Statistics from historical survey
data are used to measure the degradation of marshes over time and changes in the hydrological regime. Long-term statistical
data are also employed to analyze both natural and human impacts on these changes. Both the wetland degradation model and
its mechanisms are discussed in this paper. The research finds that the loss of water and other types of degradation in the
vegetation habitat caused by the rapid deterioration of the hydrological regime has threatened the status of HNNR as a “storage
area of natural genes.” Scientifically constructed strategies are urgently required to ensure sustainable economic benefits
that do not adversely affect this nature reserve. 相似文献
19.
The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly
reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by
Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17
August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation
and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing
impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury
or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially
capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding
areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers.
Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August
to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19%
to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The
number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in3 to 1,640 in3) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented.
Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial
and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance
helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was
positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help
define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers
determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received
sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area.
Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of)
the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion
of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period.
Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale
feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore
area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred
near the Piltun feeding area.
Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with
no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters
were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and
any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of
11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral
parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated
with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects.
Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns
and 1,640 in3, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure
that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold.
This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable
new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in
planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray
whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey.
M. W. Newcomer is deceased. 相似文献
20.
This paper introduces a new portable intelligent electronic nose system developed especially for measuring and analysing livestock
and poultry farm odours. It can be used in both laboratory and field. The sensor array of the proposed electronic nose consists
of 14 gas sensors, a humidity sensor, and a temperature sensor. The gas sensors were especially selected for the main compounds
from the livestock farm odours. An expert system called “Odour Expert” was developed to support researchers’ and farmers’
decision making on odour control strategies for livestock and poultry operations. “Odour Expert” utilises several advanced
artificial intelligence technologies tailored to livestock and poultry farm odours. It can provide more advanced odour analysis
than existing commercially available products. In addition, a rank of odour generation factors is provided, which refines
the focus of odour control research. Field experiments were conducted downwind from the barns on 14 livestock and poultry
farms. Experimental results show that the predicted odour strengths by the electronic nose yield higher consistency in comparison
to the perceived odour intensity by human panel. The “Odour Expert” is a useful tool for assisting farmers’ odour management
practises.
Supported by Ontario Pork, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture
and Food (OMAF) of Canada. 相似文献